Counsello

Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors School of Counselling Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please fill in all details and attach to every assignment you complete. Student’s Name:Dorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission: 30th October 2009 Assignment: (please tick appropriate box)1 2 Module 1‘Exploration in Counselling’ Module 2: ‘Understanding in Counselling’ Module 3: ‘Integration in Counselling’ Module 4: PracticumVideo Evaluation Module 5 ‘Research Methods’ Module 6 ‘Dissertation’ Title of Assignment: The Appropriateness of Person centered Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa Comments: (please tick appropriate box) First Internal Examiner Second External ExaminerSecond Internal Examiner External Examiner Recommended Result:Percentage:Level (MA/PG Dip) Name of Examiner:Elias Gikundi Signed:Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is person centred Approach3 View of Human nature3 Congruence5 Unconditional Positive Regard6 Empathic Understanding6 Concepts exposed in person- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred approach9 Effectiveness of Person Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in many sub- Saharan African countries and also the fact that there are many counselling approaches which are used; it has even become more confusing for people to understand. But due to different experiences we face in African countries like tribal clashes, culture differences, Poverty, political instability, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and many others counselling was introduced from the western culture to provide healing to the affected and infected people, and thus person centred approach was adopted because it helps deal with individual feelings, which would help the readjust back to the surrounding both literally and psychologically. Person centred approach is one among the other counselling approaches used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well known in sub Saharan African. In this paper, I am going to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred approach in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan concept. In summing up I shall give my conclusion on what I think or feel about the topic am writing about. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? Person centred approach championed by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. This approach assist clients to listen to their feelings and inner voices and in doing so clients can learn to do better in their own, (Nelson, 2001). Since we are aware what it is all about then the question is ‘how does it view human beings†? VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) says that person centred approach view human beings as having the ability to steer the course of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core conditions. Rogers (1967) also states that to be self which one is truly is, is more than an attainable goal of person centred therapy, but a key aspect in the process of becoming a fully functioning person. I do agree with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a client to talk about others but brings the client to self and dealing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach human nature is seen as basically social so that human beings are by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards each other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults’ points in the same direction as does the inmate capacity to infer imaginatively the experience of others. According to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the belief that all human beings have within them the innate capacity to grow towards their own unique fulfilment (or to move towards self actualisation). I personally feel that despite all cultural impact on us, environmental factors and values that are being imposed on us, we still have the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of growth, and therefore whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is right and wrong for us but not others. Rogers (1951) emphasises that an accurate concept of self is crucial for healthy development, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of reality and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the aim of life as it is called by Rogers â€Å" to be that self which one is truly is† has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to date individuals are still wrestling with the very concept of being true to self. Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual development, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is cultural value of the common good to individuals. If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the therapist to be visible in terms of their value system or â€Å"African view† beliefs and standing in the community. This allows therapists to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safety that the therapist is not a detached remote or mystical figure but an accountable member of the community. Person centred approach is perhaps the only theory to take predominately a good animal view of human nature. For Rogers the actual tendency in humans is positive and it only become negative to the extent that it is blocked and frustrated by environmental factors. While going through the view of human nature by person centred theory I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise Green (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the therapeutic relationship can set in train a directional process towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? Congruence Rogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as: by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his awareness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their own culture and themselves in relation to it and indeed to the world. Congruence enables a therapist to come to terms with their position in society and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about trust in a helping relationship. I have come to realise that being trustworthy does not demand that I be rigidly consistent but be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my experience in counselling I have come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty two tribes with different culture, but still it will not hinder the therapist to be congruent because a client only needs trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counsellor. Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its roots and equivalence in other cultural traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, active surrender ( Purton, 1994). Unconditional positive regard. Rogers describe this condition variously as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we have a need for unconditional positive regard and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959). Unconditional positive regard is important because it directly sabotages such conditions of worth; the counsellor values her client irrespective of the client conforming to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their present culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture especially if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and developing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in developing perspectives on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself. Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the â€Å"as if† quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the â€Å"as if† condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understood as the stressing of the necessity of being continuously aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is trying to live into, do originate in the client and not in the therapist. (Vanderschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own frame works and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones culture through their eyes rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to D†™ardenne et al. (1989) effective person centred counsellors are people who demonstrate the essential qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients. Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical ways in which this can be achieved across any cultural divide. I do find it rather easy and flowing when all those qualities mentioned above are applied in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate process for people who are merely wishing to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems facing many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need education to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which provides education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are facing but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy simply does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to sustain themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is highly vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly damaged their experience in life, they tend to relieve their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors. The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and therefore the level of acceptance needs to be sufficiently robust to withstand the pain of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that every living organism is driven by an â€Å"actualising tendency† an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ). Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a unified whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily dependent on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own inner experiencing. I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking example of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of focussing in how to get out of the situation, he seeks refuge from others and even try to copy their lifestyle putting at the back of his mind what he is and hence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others. Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we may have gained an incredible degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the roots and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the deeper need to actualise rather than depending on others. Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actualisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state: â€Å"†¦ is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts independently, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself†¦. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal e xperience is the highest authority. With all the problems and hardships being experienced in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, drought and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other people’s value in order to gain positive regard. Problems later arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self away from external value. In other word the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the client’s movement from the outer world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is crucial for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and general disenchantment, hence individuals are in battle with an inner craving for growth and development. Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thus enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to express one’s unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered so much because of lack of awareness. In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving humanity and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self. Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so much value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and Howitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society. The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the harmonious relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others. An example is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes between two tribes, but after the incident the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and reconciliation commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectiveness of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is general and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with con tinuities. Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural context. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. Chicago; Praegers. Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of counselling and Psychotherapy ( 6th Edn). Australia; Brooks/ Cole. Covey, S. R. (1989). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. London: WsBook- well. D’ardenne,P. and Mahtani,A. (1989) Transcultural Counselling in Action (2nd edt) (ed) Windy,D, Counselling in Action. London:Sage. Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989). the Carl Rogers’s reader. London; British Library Press. Len Holdstock, T. (2000). Re-examining psychology: Critical Perspective and African Insight. London; Routledge. Markus, H. R. and Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and Motivation psychological view. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988). Person centred Counselling in Action (2nd Edn). London; Sage Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person- centred therapy today. London; Sage Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client –centred Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. Boston; Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1967). The condition of change from a client view point. Cited in Buenson and R. Carkhuff (Ed) Sources of gain in counselling and psychotherapy. Newyork; Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rogers,C. R. 1959). A theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationship as Developed in the client Centred Framework. In S. Koch (Ed) Psychology: A study of science. Newyork; McGraw-Hill Rogers. (1961). On becoming A Person. Boston; Houghton Mifflin. Rowan, J. (1983). The Reality Game: A Gide to Humanistic Counselling and Psychotherapy (2nd Edn). London; Routledge and Kegan Paul plc. Thorne, B . (1991). Person- Centred Counselling: therapeutic and Spiritual dimensions. London; Whurr. Thorne, B. (2000). Carl Rogers. London; Sage. Thorne, B. and Lambers, E. (1998). Person centred therapy. London; Sage Van Kalmthout, M. (1995). The Religious Dimensions of Rogers Work. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol 12, Part 3. Rogers, C. R. (1990a). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. In H. Kirschenbaum and V. L. Henderson (eds). The Carl Rogers Readers. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Purton, C. (1994). The deep structure of the Core conditions: A Buddhist Perspective. Austria; Gmunden. Green, C. D. (2002). Signifant Aspects of Client- Centred Therapy. http//psychalysis. york. ca/Rogers/Therapy. html (accessed 18/02/02). Villas-Rose Bowen, M. 1984). Spirituality and Person Centerd Approach: Interconnectedness in the Universe and Psychotherapy. Mexico; Universal liberoamerican. Vanaerschot, G. (1990). The Process of Empathy: Holding and letting go. In Lietaer, G Rombauts, J. And Van Balen, R. (Eds)Clients- Centerd and Experiental Pstchotherapy in the nineties. Belgium; Leuven University Press. Owusu- Bempah, K and Howitt, D. (2000). Psychology beyond Western Perspectives. Leicester; BPS books ( The British Psychological Society). Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture: An overview. Nairobi; Paulines Publications Africa.

Related text to whose life is it anyway?

Related text to whose life Is it anyway? – Power and the Individual What Ideas of power are represented In â€Å"whose life Is It anyway† and the related tested material you have chosen and how does the related text link to the prescribe text? There are many Ideas and reasons why My Sisters keeper and whose life is It anyway have similar relations to the power and the individual.For one the battle of individual rights, Both Anna and Ken fight for their individual rights to their Body and life. Ken doesn't want to live anymore because he thinks there is no point as he can't do anything for himself and need nurse to help. Anna wants individual rights to her body because she doesn't want to be cut open and have needles stuck in her time after time if its not going to help her sister and her sister wants Anna to win her rights so she can die because she is in a lot of pain and can't take it anymore.Another reason is Power of Law Ken wishes to die and due to his medical stat us he is unable to make this happen, the power of law Influences his situation as he asks he doctors multiple times to kill but due to the law they are unable to do this. Anna's situation Is Influenced by the power of law as she Is a child & her parents are her legal guardians therefore giving them the power to make her decisions for her.She Is mature enough to make her own decisions but she is too young, she seeks to be medically released so she is able to have the choice. The power of physical strength is also another reason; Ken has no power of physical strength because he is a quadriplegic. Anna, as a child has less physical strength than her parents, therefore their power is stronger.

A visual interpretation of the text of ‘sir gawain and the green knight’

I wrote the above illustration of text from Sir Gawain and the Green night in the way it is shown here to illustrate that in the first to the fourth lines there is a certain level of revelry and the fete in the text.The first to the fourth lines talk about partying and having fun hence my visual representation of the feeling that these lines conveyed.   Immediately on the fifth and sixth line, I notice a change in tone from the party atmosphere to the more toned down chivalrous tone.Despite the mention of humor and merrymaking in the firth and sixth lines, the presence of ‘Gawain’ and the ‘knight’ in these two lines give them a sense of conservativeness and tradition, so I used a more formal, less ‘noisy’ illustration of the text.   Finally, in the seventh and eighth lines the tone tapers off with the mention of ‘separation’ and the reference to sleeping.   So, from the party atmosphere that I illustrated in the initial lines, the tone of the text moves on to become more muted, and finally to taper off to nothing as everybody takes their leave.In this exercise I realized that there are certain emotions conveyed by the text in ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’.   I believe that this is a quality of many pieces of poetry called imagery – this means that a visual image is conveyed by the text with the use of words.These images come from certain clues in the text that represent an emotion by encapsulating this emotion in a concrete image.   For instance, when a poet wants to convey joy, the poet would use words that would indicate that there is a party, as is the case in the first six lines.   From this exercise I learned to appreciate the value of the specificity of words in poetry – for a poet to convey an accurate emotion, the words used have to be very specific.This means that if the poet would like to convey ‘anger’ he/she cannot simply write ‘angerâ⠂¬â„¢ but categorize the intensity of that anger as well and find the word that best fits the degree of anger that needs to be expressed.In particular, this exercise also makes me realize that literature is not unintentional; all that a writer puts into his work is considered very carefully if not planned to the finest detail.   This is so because one thing that a writer should achieve in his work is to rig it in a way that the audience is led to feel the exact emotion that needs to be conveyed in the words.The same function of words could be used for many other purposes in literature such as revealing something or indicating a change in tone or atmosphere as is illustrated in the above example.However way words are used in literature, the writer should be conscious of what he/she is doing at all times otherwise; the images that a poem or a piece of literature conveys would be faulty or inaccurate.   I believe this particular quality of literature is called organic unity.The flo w of any piece of literature is largely dependent on the proper arrangement and use of the words.   This means that for a writer to succeed in a particular piece of literature he/she has to be able to wield the ability or power of words to cause mental images to form in the reader’s mind.

Multinational Financial Management Master Essay

Multinational Financial Management Master - Essay Example Teacher and staffs of the Department and the Faculty Dean are extremely helpful. Devoid of their assistance this study could not have reached its ultimate conclusion. All the optimistic attributes of this dissertation have driven from those mentioned above. The conclusions or any other errors, omissions and mistakes within this dissertation are attributable just to the author. By Financial Management we mean efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. According to Phillippatus, "Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm". Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets (or combination of assets), the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Here the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives and Multinational Financial management focuses on decision-making in an international context. So the discussion on Multinational Financial management is a very important issue for this present time. Competing in a global marketplace presents many challenges. ... CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Methodology 24 3.2 Research Design 25 3.3 Primary Research 26 3.4 Reliability & Validity of Interviews 26 3.5 Interviews 26 CHAPTER-4 RESULTS / FINDINGS 28 4.1 Why Multinational Financial management 28 4.2 Selecting Global Expansion Strategy 28 4.3 Capital Budgeting For Multinational Corporations 29 4.4 Payment Terms in International Trade 30 4.4 Sample and Data 30 CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION 36 Bibliography 38 Websites 38 CHAPTER-1: PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 Introduction This dissertation describes the perceptions & opinions of Multinational Financial management factors affecting their drives & examination. 1.2 Background: By Financial Management we mean efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. According to Phillippatus, "Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm". Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets (or combination of assets), the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Here the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives and Multinational Financial management focuses on decision-making in an international context. So the discussion on Multinational Financial management is a very important issue for this present time. 1.2 Rationale of the Research: Competing in a global marketplace presents many challenges. While the most obvious factors may include determining demand, acquiring trainable local talent, setting up efficient distribution routes, and making strides in global marketing,

Youth cell phones compasny Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth cell phones compasny - Essay Example Why do you think the YCP Company had been able to grow in just over five years? The first five years of YCP were marked by strong growth for a number of reasons. An important factor is the strong growth of the market for mobile and internet technology, as this was the period of commercial introduction and fast development in these areas, so the rise in demand was strong, particularly in its chosen niche (young mobile and internet customers) and the industry still generally open to new entrants. Based on data provided, the following information was computed: YCP performance for the last five years Year ended Revenues (MUSD) No. of Subscribers Ave. rev. per subscriber 1998 80.0 100,000 800.00 1999 200.0 195,000 1,025.64 2000 270.0 330,000 818.18 2001 380.0 680,000 558.82 2002 750.0 1,970,000 380.71 The first three columns were data provided, form which the average revenue per subscriber was computed in the last column. It was evident that from the third year onwards, the sales growth a chieved by YCP was on the basis of attracting new volume by lowering prices. While the cost figures are not given for us to compute the breakeven point, it is sufficient to note that by 2001, the firm was offering its services for prices below its introductory rates in 1998, which may indicate that the company is operating at below breakeven prices. 2) What impression have you formed of corporate governance in YCP Company? For the first two years, there appeared to be no indication of major lapses in corporate governance. ... failure, is irregular in the case of YCP because the bonuses are explicitly stated to be based on the appreciation of the company’s stock value rather than on its earnings, which is an untenable basis on which to compute executive compensation. Executive pay and bonuses are anchored on the firm’s earnings, not its market capitalization; therefore, this is a matter to be investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 3) What is your opinion of the ownership structure in YCP, in light of the fact co-administrators Kong and Watson retain 60% of the voting equity. Can group of small shareholders make a significant contribution to the governance of the company? What about large shareholders? As far as ownership structure is concerned, there is no legal or ethical problem in Kong and Watson holding 60% of the equity. A strong controlling interest properly discharged can even articulate business strategy more clearly and create a stronger business (Ozer, et al., 2010, p. 18). It is clear that based on voting rights, Kong and Watson clearly have controlling ownership of the firm. There should be no conflict of interest, however, in their being members of the board, as the board represents the shareholders’ interests which is their own. Being members of the board, however, they are charged with the duty of due diligence and of acting in the interests of all shareholders, not only their own. This does not mean that groups of small shareholder or even large (though minority) shareholders are powerless against decisions but the majority shareholders that are patently inimical to the corporation’s interests. They still are entitled to a full disclosure and complete information about how the company is run, violation of which could be the basis for litigation. SEC

The Development of Organisation Theory Assignment

The Development of Organisation Theory - Assignment Example In most organizations, the leading forces impinging on role performance are social or symbolic rather than economic. Although the social significance of the workgroup to individual workers was first reported in the studies of factory workers, recent research shows that the significance of informal work groups is much greater for individuals in high-status positions than those in low-status positions. Management-level employees are more likely to go through social and geographical mobility, which cuts them off from their parents, their place of birth and their friends. As a result, they are inclined to depend greatly on social relationships established at their workplace (Henderson 1996). To the extent that co-workers have become an important reference group for employees, one would expect them to support one another. Abraham Maslow’s (1950) theory of a hierarchy of human needs suggests needs categorized in the following ascending order; (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) love, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. Under this theory, the type and level of need for work-group appreciation are influenced by the type and level of which the needs are being satisfied by individuals external to the workplace. However, a certain amount of safety and esteem from one’s colleagues, managers and subordinates are crucial for successful functioning within any organization. For this reason, the major focus of managers should be on creating and maintaining good human relations in the workplace (Luthans 2010). Due to the recent technological progress, there is generally a shortage of significant interaction among culturally diverse employees. There is also a deficiency of affection in a number of the homes of workers. Human relations demand employers develop closer personal relationships in their organizations.  

Intercultural Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Analysis Paper - Essay Example Balinese) and the American culture on grounds of marriage, language, religion and social organization among others. DISCUSSION I have been settled in America from past several years. I have visited various nations of the world and encountered with diverse cultures and ethnics. However, America has been a different experience for me. This experience of mine is largely influenced by the rich cultural heritage, values along with beliefs that hold by the people belonging to this country. In my initial days in the country, I attended a marriage of one of my close friends who belonged to the American culture. There, I had an international experience which aided me to figure out the difference of my culture with that of the American culture. In this regard, it will be vital to mention that I belong to Balinese Hinduism culture. Balinese Hinduism is regarded as a practice which is mainly associated with the people of Bali. People belonging to this culture possess several different set of bel iefs and cultures that differs drastically from that of others. As per my experience relating to cultural pattern, I observed that there lay certain drastic differences between the Balinese culture and the American in terms of marriage, language and religion among others. Marriages of an individual in my culture i.e. the Balinese culture generally take place in a very young age. ... On the other hand, I learnt from the experience that marriages in American culture take place mainly by declaring commitment towards one another in the presence of friends and families along with religious statures like priest. One of the imperative cultural patterns that I have experienced is that marriage in my culture involves more rituals as compared to that of American culture (University of San Diego, â€Å"Factors That Influence Our Views on Marriage†). Furthermore, apart from the marriage traditions, I also learnt from the experience about the drastic language differences that prevail amid the two cultures. People in my cultural group mainly speaks in their native language i.e. Balinese. However, with the aspect of modernization, people in my community also speak in English while conducting their daily activities. My language i.e. Balinese is divided into three levels on the basis of politeness that include low, medium and high Balinese. The low Balinese is usually spo ken to friends, the medium one is used for strangers and higher one is spoken to priests (The Economist, â€Å"Language of Many Levels†). Conversely, in relation to determine the cultural pattern that I have experienced, I found that the American culture has no official or native language of its own. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding regarding this aspect, I have cited a census survey conducted by the US government in the year 2000. This survey depicts that 82 percent of the people belonging to American culture speak English while conducting their daily activities. However, I was unable to identify any sort of level existing in speaking language which was present in my culture (Saint Ignatius High School, â€Å"Languages Spoken in the United

Islamic Insurance Law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15750 words

Islamic Insurance Law - Dissertation Example Conventional insurance has been a taboo for the Muslim world as the premium insurance companies offer, lack of correct knowledge by their customers and the way cost of damages has to be borne by some unconnected persons had hitherto been debated. Scholars have argued that the prevalent insurance system is not Shariah compliant as it involves uncertainty, gambling and riba (interest). Insurance companies take people's money and promise to give them back if a certain loss happens which involves a delay in the money dealing which makes it non-Islamic transaction. This means that 23% population of the world does not gel in the global finance system and gets no security in the case of any unforeseen damage. The growing socio-economic situation of the world has made it inevitable to drive a system which minimizes the risks but current interest-based insurance system is conflicting to the teachings of Shariah- the Islamic law. Takaful is the Islamic insurance system which has now taken its roots for more than two decades. It integrates the principles of Shariah with modern economics by mitigating the risks attached. Takaful industry is vibrant and growing on an enormous pace with a growth rate of 20%2. In the following dissertation, I have presented my research about Islamic insurance, how it works, its growing popularity and the need of its development Islamic as-well- as in non Islamic countries such as UK and Saudi Arabia. I have

International studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International studies - Essay Example Organizations have now become global and they deal with customers from various regions and these customers speak different languages. Majoring in international studies will help me develop communication skills required to communicate with customers from different regions. It will even help me in developing proficiency in one of the various languages spoken throughout the world and this will enable me to specifically cater to the needs of customers that speak that particular language. Leaders in the organization need to understand their delegates who belong to different parts of the world and who think differently. Majoring in international studies will help me develop leadership skills required to understand my followers (Williams, 2013). This will help me in identifying the issues they are facing and I will be able to eliminate those issues which will positively impact the satisfaction levels of the employees. A satisfied workforce will help in increasing the productivity levels of the organization which will enhance my reputation as well as benefit the

American Airlines Essay Example for Free

American Airlines Essay 1. Issues 2. American Airlines objectives 3. The airline industry 4. Market 5. Consumer needs 6. Brand image 7. Distribution system 8. Pricing 9. Marketing related strategies 10. Assumptions and risks 1- Issues The main issue of this case is the lack of profits of the airline industry, an industry that should be more than profitable due to the large amount of customers, the necessity of using airlines services and the high prices charged by most of these airlines. What we are going to deal with is, why is this happening? And how is American airlines dealing with this problem?. To be able to discuss how American airlines wants to regain profitability, we must identify and analyse different issues such as, the companys background, the airline industry as a whole, the demand for air travel, the marketing strategies, the distribution systems, pricing policies etc. 2- American Airlines objectives American Airlines prime objective is to bring back value to air travel, through stimulating business travel, lowering prices etc. So in other words American Airlines main objective is to become as profitable as possible. To understand better the companys objectives we first have to focus on the companys background, this way we will find out why the airline is not as profitable as it should, and what kind of a change is needed. American Airlines had been the largest airline in the United States for a long time. In 1990 and 1991 due to a recession and the Gulf War, demand for air travel dropped drastically, for this reason, fare wars started and all the airlines incurred massive losses. 3- The Airline industry and the market The airline industry is large, specially in the United States, mainly due to the Deregulation of the industry. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board was created to control the growth of the air transportation industry. This board had the authority to control entry, exit, prices and methods of competition. In the late 1970 this structure was found inefficient and in 1978 deregulation took place. Due to the deregulation of the industry competition intensified, prices dropped, and the number of people travelling increased. Many new companies  emerged and regional airlines saw deregulation as an opportunity to expand. Due to the rise in competition, by 1986 mergers started to take place and in 1987 64.8% of the market was controlled by the four largest airlines. The demand for air travel is determined mainly by price, studies revealed that half of the leisure travellers and on quarter of business travellers did not have a preference for a particular airline, which means that prices determined the preference. So the strategy to compete for customers consisted mainly in pricing and flight schedules. The demand for flights varies depending on the season or the business cycle therefore airlines have to develop different pricing strategies and offers depending on the season or the business cycle period. An other determinant for demand is technology, the new telecommunication possibilities have made air travelling unnecessary in some cases, which of course has affected airlines revenues. 4- Consumer needs. Consumer needs are clear, what airline consumers need is basically god prices and good flight schedules. These are the basic needs, apart from these ones we could also point out other needs such as big, comfortable seats for long flights, good service on board, good food, punctual departures, check-in facilities, movie channels, etc. All these are consumer needs, but studies have shown that demand is mainly determined by price and a flight schedules, the rest just add value to these two, therefore companies must focus on ways to lower prices and provide good flight timetables. There are two types of travellers, business travellers and leisure travellers, these two of course have different needs, for the first ones price is not so important because usually the company pays for it on the other hand punctuality and flight schedules are very important to them. For leisure travellers the most important thing is usually price, and the rest comes after that. But as I said before consumer needs can be summarised in these to price and schedules. 5- Brand image American Airlines brand image is good, due to its successful background and its new marketing strategies. In 1991 American Airlines was the biggest airline in the United States, and the reason for it is that this airline was pioneer in many fields gaining competitive advantage over the other airlines. When deregulation took part in 1978, American transformed in  such a way that it became the industrys market share leader. American had also pioneered several policies that affected the industrys structure and standard practices. In the late 1960s, American introduced the first computerised airline reservation system, which revolutionised the marketing and distribution of the travel industry. American also introduced the super saver fares in 1977, which was the first programme of deep discounts for leisure travellers, and in 1981, American launched the first frequent-flier programme, which created brand loyalty towards the airline. American Airlines is constantly developing new strategies, and introducing new technologies, and this is why its brand image is so high. Some of the new innovations that American Airlines is introducing are, the any time fares for business, new plan ahead for leisure, lower first class fares, etc. 6- The distribution system The main distribution system for air travel is the travel agent, which provides not only the flight ticket, but also supplementary services such as car rentals, hotels, excursions, etc. Airlines ask the agents to make reservations and deliver tickets. There is a difference in the distribution of tickets for business travellers and leisure travellers. Leisure travellers deal always with the agent, but for business travellers sometimes the airlines make deals directly with the companies. Airlines also make special offers to large corporate buyers, like price discount for frequent flier travellers, or quantity discounts. Nowadays there are other distribution systems, such as on line booking, and airlines home delivery tickets. 7- Pricing After the deregulation, pricing policies changed drastically, airlines started to offer a wide variety of fares discounted below the regular price. These discount were accompanied by several restrictions such as advanced booking, no refund, no changing dates, etc. Therefore people unwilling to meet these restrictions paid a higher price. At American Airlines management was viewed as selling the right seat to the right person, this means that they search for ways to find out who is willing to pay a higher price, and how can they make him pay a higher price. By 1991, the industrys pricing structure had become enormously complex. Americans flights involved maintaining 500,000 fares. By late 1991 93% of the tickets  were sold at one kind of a discount or another. And the average discount was 63%. Due to the complex pricing structure American developed the value pricing plan. This plan consisted in: First for any given flight there would be only four different fares. Second, all fares would be mileage-related, and finally, the new fares were set below the levels of comparable existing fares so lower prices would be available to more business and leisure travellers. 8- Marketing related strategies Some the marketing strategies carried out by American Airlines have been: -Computerised reservation Systems: This system changed the industrys marketing and distribution systems. This system stored information about, flights, seats availability and fares. Which made the booking and distribution a lot easier. CRS systems gave American Airlines a great competitive advantage over the other airlines, as booking fees by CRS enabled American to earn substantial amounts from its competitors. -Hubbing: With hubbing, flights from various origins on spokes of the network are channelled through an intermediate location, where they change planes and are re-routed to their final destination. This way the airline can serve more locations with fewer planes. -Frequent Flyer programmes: These programmes provide discounts or bonuses to frequent travellers. The value of the bonuses increase as the mileage flown increase, the bonuses can take various forms such as, fare reductions, upgrades to better classes or even free tickets. 9- Assumptions and risks In my opinion all of this strategies are brilliant, the only risk I see is in hubbing, customers sometimes dont want spend additional time changing planes, there is the risk of missing connecting planes, luggage may get lost, etc. In the rest of the strategies I dont see any risks what so ever.

Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work

Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work Shakespeare in Performance This essay will explore the cultural difference of two Shakespeare, Othello performances. The two performances used are Stuart Burges 1965 adaptation and Oliver Parkers 1995 version. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 the son of John Shakespeare a glove maker, and Mary Arden the daughter of a farmer. Within the Elizabethan class system Shakespeare wouldnt have be destined for great things as he wasnt born into a significantly wealthy family. It is possible that Shakespeare was brought up as Catholic; Romeo and Juliet is a Catholic play. Shakespeare attended grammar school In Stratford his education would have been very intense in language, Latin, Greek and possibly modern language like French, his schooling would have also been heavily religious. Shakespeare would have been expected to leave school and go into law grammar schools trained for professionals. Shakespeare didnt continue his education at university and age 18 married Anne Hathaway and lived a quiet life having his first child, Susanna in 1583 then twins Judith and Hamnet in 1585. Historical accounts of Shakespeare in the first seven years of his childrens lives are classed as lost years, due to ther e being no reliable accounts in this period. It wasnt until the late 1590s that Shakespeare was writing plays although in them times writers would write under a false name so critics couldnt dismiss their work. By around 1591, 1592 Shakespeare had written 57 plays in the space 20 years this is a colossal amount especially as a play writer in the Elizabethan period. Shakespeare died on the 23rd April 1616 the same day as his birthday. The importance of Setting The plot Othello is taken from an Italian story Un Captitano Moro some critics believe, written in 1565 by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio, the story about a Moorish general deceived into believing his wife is being unfaithful. Shakespeare added important characters to the story Iago, Roderigo, Desdemonas father and Brabantio, Shakespeare implies the action of the play runs over some course of time although it could be perceived as being set over a period of a few days. Shakespeare also developed the complex villain Iago compared to the minor one in the original. Shakespeares audience would have believed in The Great Chain of Being, that determined the natural order of events. God being the top of the hierarchical chain, Shakespeare used the Great Chain of Being as a concept to emphasise the tragedy in Othello and struggle with love and Desdemona and Iagos jealous passion. Othello, the Moor of Venice scholars believe was written in the period of 1601-1604, Queen Elizabeth had died in 1603, people worried what would become of governess since Elizabeths death a lot of the fear is portrayed through Shakespeares plays of successful succession and governance. The Protestant Church of England was created by Henry, Elizabeths father there was concerns that the religion might fail after Elizabeths death in a Catholic came to power, and a foreigner to rule. Although the title implies Othello occurred in Venice it took place in Cyprus, having said that Shakespeares stage directions are very basic and minimal so directors that remake Shakespeares pieces can decide where the plot is set. In the period when Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice was a Republic that thrived on multiculturalism, it was major for international trade, Venice had colonial power also respectful of different cultures and religions. Venice was a charming, safe, peaceful location. Cyprus when Shakespeare was in school was under power by the Ottoman Turks, Cyprus was the home of wine and prostitutes full of deception and death. Geographically located between the Middle East, Europe, Mediterranean and Northern Africa the religion is Christian and Muslim, a prime place for religious and racial violence. Although critics believe Othello was adapted by Hecatommithi, the time period that Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice would have been a highly important trading link between the East and Europe. Venice would have been sending ambassadors from Venice and the East to Elizabethan England Shakespeare may have studied theses exotic strangers. Venice and Turkey during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would have been at wars thus Othello being the general of the Venetian war. Shakespeare cleverly adapted a plot surrounding the issues of the day and explored a twist on race, jealousy and deceit. During the Elizabethan period, black people were not regarded as slaves, in 1601 Queen Elizabeth granted the diplomatic rights which allowed deportation, due to fears of overpopulation. Although the salve trade was not established during this time, the black race was considered inferior. Othello is a revolutionary cultural work, as the Moor Othello is portrayed as a civilized noble Christian who was wrongly deceived forced audiences to rethink the racial status during the early 16th century. Moor was a term used by the Elizabethans referring to Muslim Arabs or North Africa who had conquered Spain in the eighth century. Moors were Elizabethans believed, sinful, animalistic and murderous. It is interesting that Shakespeare represents Othello as the wrongly deceived victim, and Iago the Caucasian the typical More stereotype. Othello The tragedy of Othello, the Moor Whom Is general of Venice, promotes his lieutenant Cassio, leaving Iago enraged with jealousy. Othello fell in love and married Desdemona daughter of Brabantio, the Venetian senator. Iago uses Desdemona and Othellos love as a tactic in his revenge. Iago manipulates Othello into thinking his wife is having an affair with Cassio, Othello outraged kills Desdemona before killing himself the story concludes with Iagos unmasking and execution. Stuart Burges 1965 Othello Laurence Olivier The first English language film of the play Othello was released in December 1965 by director Burge, Burge was born in Brentwood Essex in January 1918 and died in 2002. Burge was the director of the Nottingham Playhouse between 1968-74 then went onto be artistic director at the Royal Court Theatre in over the period of 1977-80. This is the only Shakespeare adaptation that all leading actors were nominated for Oscars. The film was nearly exactly the same as stage production the release did not make use of music of exit music. Burges version of was the first English Othello shot in colour it had previously been done in Russian. This was the first of Shakespeares original text created into a full length British feature. Lawrence Olivier played Othello and acted in blackface, critics over the years have argued the origins of Othello being black or Arab. Othello has been played by white and more recently black actors, Laurence Oliviers version was performed in blackface. Olivier went into detail of his black face performance in his autobiography; Black all over my body, Max Factor 2880, then a lighter brown, then Negro number 2, a stronger brown. Brown on black to give a rich mahogany. Then the great trick: that glorious half yard of chiffon with which I polished myself all over until I shone the lips blueberry, the tight curled wig, the white of the eyes, whiter than ever, and the black, black sheen that covered my flesh and bones, glistening in the dressing room lights. (L. Olivier 1965) In Oliviers autobiography; Olivier, Laurence. Confessions of an Actor, Olivier proclaims in his and the directors minds the blackface wasnt done in a minstrelsy way it was done as costume to make him up as African with innocent intentions of playing Othello. The text Othello is not completely clear on Othellos race, subsequently because Shakespeare would not have been completed educated about the people that lived in North Africa. In 1966 the civil rights movement was at its highest in America racist discrimination and stereotypes were challenged the aesthetic of the Oliviers blackface was out of date and political incorrect.   Although in Europe, the civil rights movement wasnt as big as America with the last white actor blackface Othello taking place in 1990 by Michael Gambon. The New York Times published an article about Oliviers performance that stated; Outrageous impression of a theatrical Negro stereotype, Olivier an end man in an American minstrel show. (the New York times, Bosley Crowther) Burges adaptation of Othello definitely brings the issue of race to the forefront, most of the racial language is present as in the 1604 original text; thicklips, being the first derogatory offensive language aimed at Othello Act one, Scene one. Venice. A street. Roderigo: What a full fortune does the thicklips owe if he can carryt thus! References made by Othello regarding his race are interpreted as intended by Shakespeare, delivered with doubt; Act three, Scene three. The garden of the castle Othello: Haply, for I am black. Intending that because he is black, he is not as sophisticated as other people. Burge directed Olivier as a stereotypical African, exaggerated gesture and accent with his costumes ethnic and predominantly barefoot, with a rosary necklace. Burges performance has been regarded by critics as the greatest performance of the 20th century. (Peter Rainer) and was nominated for four Oscars, winning one. Olivier is the first of the great twentieth-century British actors who has created a brilliantly original interpretation of Othelloà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Oliviers) Othello is a man of gigantic stature but he is not a man of titanic thought; and by no means is he umo univerale, a man of many sided character, typical of the Renaissance. This Othello came into the world from a less civilised society. He Is very close to nature, to the earth. He has had no time to absorb the culture of the new world surrounding him. With all its glitter, this world is in fact trivial and meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Othellos simple soul makes him vulnerable to the pretty contrivances of the environment. A civilization that is false and untrue kills the simple-minded manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this is what Olivier; the actor shows us. (in Tynan, Othello. National Theatre Production, 108). Every modern, white actor, takin on Othello, feels obliged to explain why hes not playing him black, which was surely Shakespeares intention, when the unspoken reason is that to black up is as disgusting these days as a nigger minstrel show. (Laurence Olivier, 1986) Each generation can use pieces of Shakespeares texts his writings are timeless, an Author who makes plays relatable to different generations thus why Othello has been adapted countless times since 1601, in some adaptations of Othello the play is portrayed mostly on the jealous and devious theme. Burges approach to play directions however have been deemed as a play about race. A film version of the 1965 production released on DVD by Warner Home Video in 2007. Oliviers blackface performance makes this film adaptation a difficult object of study, but since it makes Othello a play about race in a way so disturbing for postmodern sensibilities, it is a valuable tool for exploring racial difference as a theme. And especially for considering the plays particular resonance with contemporary racial politics. (R, C. Evans In an article by the New York Times published February, 1966 reporter Bosley Crowther describes how America portrayed Oliviers performance; Seeing as how the drama critics in England were unstinting in their praise of the lush stage production of Othello in which Sir Laurence Olivier played with the National Theatre of Great Britain a couple of years ago, it may seem rude of an American film critic to voice some startled expectations to the motion picture made of the play by a British company. One bold and singular aspect of this production immediately impels the sensitive American viewer into a baffled and discomfited attitude. This is the radical make up Sir Laurence has chosen to use in his powerful and passionate characterization of the jealous Moor. He plays Othello in blackface! Thats right, blackface not the dark-brown stain that even the most daring white actors do not nowadays wish to go beyond.   Whats more, he caps his shiny blackface with a wig of kinky black hair and he has the insides of his lips smeared and thickened with a startling raspberry red. Several times, in his rages or reflections, he roll s his eyes up into his head so that the whites gleam like small mil agates out of the inky face. (B. Crowther 1966) Burges adaptation of Othello is clearly one that caused a stir, with the controversial blackface. The period in which Burge adapted the version the culture was changing surrounding racism, racist terms and what is politically correct. Professor Tony Howard University of Warwick believes for Olivier race wasnt an issue, race was an interesting factor in the play and he chose to make it paramount. The result of that was that I know some black actors that saw the play and were appalled by his imitation of stereotypical behaviour, and I know other black actors who saw the play and were inspired to become Shakespearian actors because of the sheer admiration for what he did. (T. Howard 2013). Oliver Parkers 1995 Othello, Laurence Fishburne Oliver Parker an English film director born 6th September 1960, directed Othello played by a black actor Laurence Fishburne classed as not an outsider in this version as the actor is of African descent. Having said that the racial tensions and most of the racial language still applies in the film. Fishburne, plays a more confidant, cocky Othello in this version he also wears the same costumes as most of the cast, with earings in his ears he blends in well with the rest of the cast unlike in Oliviers version. The choice of music and camera shots sets the racial tension in a different way than previous adaptations with the use of drums during the consummation of Othello and Desdemona also during the Cyprus   celebration. The film doesnt generally focus on Othellos race but more so on the tragedy of the story and Iagos jealousy. Parkers adaptation is more satisfying as a film rather than Shakespearian text, the original text is very heavily cut with many original rhythms not included. The plot and characters remains the same as the original text and Burges, parker sets the film within the same time period and location as the two explored. Parkers version is however modernised and update some areas of the film, parker has changed the interpretation of Iagos character slightly also cutting much of the original text. Parkers use of Othellos dreams allow the audience access into Othellos agony over his suspected wifes adultery, this opened the door to the audience in a new light, something that the original monologue and Burge was unable to achieve. The issue of Race in Parkers version is watered down and limelights the character of Iago and his evil plan. Iagos direct camera soliloquies, via direct camera shots portrays his devious intentions, Iagos true nature is heightened in Parkers adaptation through this technique compare to Burge and the original text. In Act one, Scene three Iago shouts to Roderigo to put money and love into his purse Iago is trying to deceive Roderigo into giving him money so Iago will make Desdemona fall in love with Roderigo. When Iago leaves this scene, the camera zooms in on Iagos face to music building up that creates tension, Iago then recites this original quote from the text; Act one, scene three Iago: Thus, do I ever make my fool my purse: For I mine own gaind knowledge should profane, If I would time expend with such a snipe. But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets He has done my office: I know not ift be true; But, I for more suspicious in that kind, Will do as if for surety. He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. Cassios a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery-how, how? Lets see: After some time, to abuse Othellos ear That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected, framed to make women false. The moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. I havet. it is endgenderd. hell, and night Must brin this monstrous birth to the worlds light. During the speech by Roderigo, Parkers gives the audience a subsequent plot for throughout the play as to why Iago wants to kill Othello. Parker directs Iago to look straight into the camera whilst declaring his hatred for Othello this breaks the forth wall including the audience on the whole experience. Iago speaks in a hushed monotone to music playing in the background thus adding theatrical drama, the camera then pans down to a chessboard. Iago places a white queen, black king and a white knight on the board parker does this to replicate Desdemona, Othello and Cassio. The colour of the chess pieces also play a very clever crucial part in the film highlighting the racial but also the use of a chess board highlights the manipulation and game playing from Iago. Parker directs Fishburne to play overtly sexual compared with the Burge version and original text. Parkers directions continues shows Desdemona and Othello in bed together in a number of scenes to modernize the version to appeal to a different audience. Parker has Othellos dreams filled with adultery presented with Desdemona in bed naked with Cassio, in the Burge version the characters are a lot more innocent. Othellos visual image of Desdemona and Cassio, allows for his fear to come alive with the help of Iagos manipulation Othello remembers what Desdemonas father said to him; Act one, Scene 3 A Council-Chamber. Brabantio: Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee. This line is continuously played in Othellos head throughout the film, giving Othello confirmation that the affair to real as Desdemona is deceiving him just as she did her father. Once you get to Act three, Scene three, its like being caught up in a huge surf. You are pounded by experiences and overwhelming feelings that oscillate violently. Sometimes within one sentence I go from passion and adoration to the most extreme expressions of loathing and self-hatred Ive ever had to try to get close to. (Laurence Fishburne, 1996) There are a few predominant themes that flow through both versions of Othello and the original text; Love, passion, jealousy, betrayal along with reputation and honour. love being the force that overcome a large obstacle in the marriage of Othello and Desdemona, although Othello loves Desdemona he gives her his heart he doesnt give her his mind and he doesnt trust her, he is deep down insecure.   Their love was tragically lost by the passion of Iago and his jealousy love to Iago is leverage, he declared his love to his friends but does the ultimate betrayal. The love between Cassio and Desdemona that is misinterpreted. Passion comes from Othello and Desdemona two lovers that political looked down on for the marriage but still going ahead with their passion anyway. Jealousy is a trait that is both in Othello and strongly Iago. Multiculturalism, Religious Suspicion and Racism. The Venetian Republic was known as a culturally tolerant society, that welcomes cultural traditions, however Othello and the merchant of Venice being set in Venice, portrays jealousy, race and xenophobia. Shakespeares Othello predates the slave trade and biological classification. Othello being a Moor in Shakespeares time could relate to someone from the Middle East or Spain not necessarily Africa. Reference List Othello. (1965) film. Directed by Stuart Barge. GB: British Home Entertainment. {film} Othello. (1995) Directed by Olive Parker. GB: Warner Home video. {DVD} Colin, Phillip C. and Kuhn, Francis X. (2002) Othello: New Critical Essays Brockport Bookshelf. Book 218. Othello: A Critical Reader Robert. C. Evans Bloomsbury Publishing (2015) (T. Howard 2013) Othello at the National Theatre www.nationaltheatre.org

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature in a research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice- problem. (Nancy Burns 2002). A literature review is an organized writers presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars. The task of reviewing literature involves the identification, selection, critical analysis and reporting of existing information on topic of interest. The literatures found relevant and useful for the present study have been organized under the following headings. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Donna B. Jeffe (2010) conducted a study among women who received radiation therapy over a period of five years in United Kingdom. The results showed that 35% of women had significant levels of anxiety or depression prior to radiation therapy. 75% women with high levels of anxiety prior to treatment recorded further high scores over the time period of five years. Out of six women who received radiation therapy, one had high anxiety scores during every follow-up. Very few of the womens with initial normal anxiety scores developed significant level of anxiety or depression over time. The study concluded that patients with little education showed higher levels of anxiety and depression over time and emphasized the need for education before radiation therapy. Andersen BL,Tewfik HH (2006) conducted a study to find the psychological reactions towards radiation therapy. Totally 45 patients undergoing external radiation therapy were included in this study. Pre and post radiation assessments of the subjects were done in the areas of state and trait anxiety, somatic complaints, and treatment side effects. Results showed increase in complaints and side effects reported by all patients at the treatment conclusion. Results also showed that (a) patients with an initial high level of anxiety reported a significant reduction, but they remained the most anxious subgroup; (b) patients with a moderate level of treatment anxiety before radiation therapy reported no change; and (c) patients with low levels of anxiety reported significant increase. The study concludes that patients who were either low or high in state anxiety were also characterized by more anger or hostility than patients with moderate level of treatment anxiety. Hans Geinitz, FrankB (2003) conducted a study to evaluate fatigue 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation treatment in patients with breast cancer and to assess its relation to pre- and immediate post-treatment fatigue values. Totally 41 patients were included in this study whose fatigue value was evaluated during the time of radiation therapy. Out of these 41 patients, 38 were alive and free of cancer 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation therapies, received the Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire, a visual analog scale on fatigue intensity as well as on cancer-related distress scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Health Survey per mail. All 38 patients returned their questionnaires. The values were compared to pretreatment and immediate post-treatment levels. Cancer-related distress values correlated with the patient fatigue scores. Results showed that Patients with functional impairment had slightly higher fatigue values. Patients with pretreatment elevated fatigue, anxiety or depression levels were at high risk for chronic fatigue. Barrie R. Cassileth Ph.D (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of experience on radiation therapy patients desire for information. Information giving and seeking were explored among 160 cancer patients who were receiving or about to receive radiation therapy. Eighty-two new patients and 78 experienced patients completed a questionnaire to find their knowledge of diagnosis and radiation therapy, expectations about treatment, self-assessment of the adequacy of their knowledge, and desire for additional information. Analysis showed that 92% of the patients reported detailed knowledge of diagnoses. Patients were optimistic about treatment: only one person thought that radiation might not be helpful; 50 percent of the patients had a thought that radiation therapy might cure their disease. Patients who had experience with radiation therapy shown with increased knowledge but they had diminished desire to seek information. Most experienced patients had accurate information, bu t many did not feel well informed. The desire among knowledgeable patients for more information might show the patients uncertainty about the radiation treatment. Lynn kilbride (2007) conducted a study to assess the frequency, severity of anxiety and depression among brain tumor patients between the period of surgery and radiation therapy. Totally 51 patients were included in this study whose anxiety and depression were assessed at three time points; post surgery, three weeks post surgery and prior to radiation therapy. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale was used. Results indicated a heightened level of anxiety prior to radiation therapy. Five patients had significant depression at the time period between surgery and radiation therapy. Four of the five patients with scores consistent with depression had past histories of depression. The study concluded that a past medical history of depression is a significant predictor of depression before radiation therapy. Arthur peck, MD (2006) conducted a study to assess the emotional reactions of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 55 patients were included in this study. They were interviewed by a psychiatrist. The focus of initial interview was what they told when they were referred to have radiation therapy. Although 60% were informed by their doctors that they had cancer, all arrived at the treatment center without any preparation for the frequency, number, and the procedure of radiation treatment. Most of the patients believed that requiring radiation therapy was very bad news. They had the fear that radiation might cause further damage and possibly cancer. Few of them only expected it to be curative. Again the patients were interviewed after the completion of radiation treatment. The results showed that the incidence of depression and anxiety was even greater than their pretreatment interviews. More than one third of the patients judged the treatment to be ineffective; they were not realizing that their new distress resulted from the side effects of radiation treatment. In this study only one patient suffered damage due to radiation therapy and 60% were free of signs of cancer at follow up, 1 to 2 years later. This study concluded that patients before radiation therapy suffered from irrational fears of disability and death mainly due to their misconceptions about the radiation therapy. Thomas w.decker (2006) conducted a study to assess the impact of stress, anxiety and depression on quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Totally 82 outpatients who were undergoing radiation therapy were included in this study. The experimental group (34 patients) received some relaxation training and the control group (29 patients) received the standard education and counseling along with the radiation therapy. The results showed that there was significant (p Yu P. Chen, Ngan M. Tsang (2002) conducted a study to find the causes of interruption of Radiation therapy in patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Taiwan. A total of 3273 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were treated at the Radiation Oncology Department from 1979 to 1996 were included in this study. Among these patients, 276 did not complete the full course of radiation treatment. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine the factors contributing to treatment interruption. Results showed that the acute side effects and complications caused by radiation therapy were the major factors influencing patients decisions to discontinue the treatment. This study suggested that more attention should be paid to take care of acute side effects of radiation ÂÂ ­therapy and also reinforcing the patient with education is important. Santhosh K.Chaturvedi (1998) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients receiving radiation therapy in India. A total of 100 patients referred to radiation therapy were included. All patients were administered the hospital anxiety and depression scale before starting the radiation therapy, after the completion of radiation therapy, and at 3-4 months follow-up. Anxiety and depression were detected frequently in patients receiving radiation therapy both prior to treatment and later during follow up. Frequency of anxiety significantly increased after initiating radiation therapy, but later reduced during follow up assessment. Hoyle Leigh (1987) conducted a study to assess the psychological factors affecting survival in cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 101 patients receiving radiation therapy were evaluated for anxiety, depression, and perception of the seriousness of their condition. In 3 years, the survivors were compared to the non survivors. The survivors had significantly higher mean trait anxiety (p Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Georgia K.B Halkett (2010) conducted a study to assess the effective communication and provision in radiation therapy and role of the radiation therapists. Health professionals have a duty of care to radiotherapy patients in providing them with adequate information before treatment. The aim of the study was to (a) explore how radiation therapists communicate with breast cancer patients during a radiation therapy planning appointment (b) determine what information is provided during this appointment and (c) explore radiation therapists perspectives on their role in providing patient information and support. A total of 110 radiation therapists were participated in this survey. They simulated 2 radiotherapy planning appointments and held 2 forums. The study concluded that Radiation therapists play an important role in communicating with patients and providing information, especially if patients exhibit anxiety and distress. Christie R. Eheman (2010) conducted a study to assess the information-seeking styles among cancer patients before and after treatment by demographics and use of information sources. Totally 731 cancer patients attending outpatient clinics for cancer treatments were surveyed during the pre treatment and post treatment period. The study evaluated the relationships between information-seeking style (active, moderately active, and passive styles) and demographics, cancer type, and health status for the pretreatment and post treatment periods and overall. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to model the log odds of more active to more passive information-seeking preferences taking into consideration both the pretreatment and post treatment periods. The results showed that prior to treatment, 17% reported an active information-seeking style, 69% were moderately active, and 14% were passive. Raymond Chan (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of orientation program on levels of anxiety and self efficacy among newly registered cancer patients who were waiting for chemotherapy or radiation therapy in a cancer centre in Australia. A randomized control study was used and interventions given like a face-to-face program which includes introduction to the hospital facilities, introduction to the multi-disciplinary team and an overview of treatment side effects and self care strategies. The aim of the study was to orientate patients to the cancer centre and to meet the health care team. Results showed improvement in self-efficacy of patients and demonstrated potential improvement in health outcomes. The study also reported that there were only limited studies on orientation program for cancer patients particularly with respect to the use of multidisciplinary team members. YvonneÂÂ  Zissiadisa (2009) conducted a study to assess the impact of more intensive written information in patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 194 patients were included in this study. The experimental group (102) received more intensive information and control group (92) received the standard consultation. State trait anxiety scale was completed prior to their first consultation at the time of simulation and at the completion of radiotherapy. Information satisfaction questionnaire to assess the patients satisfaction was also completed at the time of simulation prior to radiation therapy. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to mean satisfaction scores with the overall information given. Results showed that more intensive information did not significantly change the patients satisfaction, anxiety scores. But the patients were generally very satisfied with the information they received but they were less satisfied w ith the information on lifestyle issues. Eva J.E. Christensen, B.Sc (2006) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of interventions to relieve pain and anxiety during radiation therapy. The main objective of this study was to assess the discomfort and anxiety during radiation therapy, which can increase patient motion leading to decreased treatment accuracy. Totally 2051 subjects were included in this study. They were given different interventions like placebo, hypnotherapy, aromatherapy, music therapy and guided imagery including pharmacological interventions. Results showed that guided imagery showed benefits in terms of pain. And the study concluded that relaxation therapies may decrease anxiety during radiation therapy, evidence supports the benefit of pharmacological interventions for pain and anxiety for specific radiological procedures and selection of common criteria for reporting pain and anxiety is valuable for further studies. Cartledge Hoff A, Haaga DA(2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of an education program on radiation oncology patients and family. Information was presented in oral and in written form. After the intervention, orientation program participants did not differ significantly from control group members in state anxiety, general distress, treatment adherence, or knowledge of radiation therapy. Orientation group patients reported greater satisfaction with clinic care, and the orientation group had significant utilization of the psychological counseling services within the clinic, as well as outside support. Jeff Dunnab,(2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of targeted treatment education for cancer patients to promote adjustment through assisting patients to participate in treatment decision making, comply with treatment regimens and cope more effectively with treatment side effects. Totally 92 patients included in this study, randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group patients were given video information about radiation therapy. Pre test post test and follow up design was used. Results showed that there were no significant difference between the control and experimental group. However, patients in the intervention group reported high levels of satisfaction with the video and all reported that they would recommend the video to other patients waiting for radiation therapy. In the experimental group 90% of patients reported that most of the information received through the video was new to them. C.D.Linde, A.D.Stuart (2002) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of cognitive relaxation-visualization intervention in reducing the anxiety of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 88 female patients were taken for this study. The aim of the study was to find the effectiveness of the intervention in two groups. One group (N = 72) waiting for being pre-diagnosis and the other group (N = 16) before beginning radiation therapy treatment. Personal anxiety inventory was used to assess the anxiety. The results indicated that the intervention was effective in reducing anxiety for both the groups. It also concluded that patients had perceived the presence of an empathic individual during the time of diagnosis and before radiation treatment as being of greatest value. Taking interventions to reduce the anxiety before diagnosis and cancer treatment was very important. Lundberg pranne C.PhD,RN (2001) conducted a study among Buddhist patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy to assess their feelings, satisfaction and coping with nurse provided education and support before radiation therapy. In this study 90 males and 89 females participated. The results showed that the most common feelings about radiation therapy of both the genders were acceptance and womens felt more anxiety compared to men. The most common ways of coping with the radiation therapy for both genders were rest, relaxation and communicate with their family or friends. The result showed that the satisfaction of patients with nurse provided education and support was higher among the men. The study concluded that when oncology nurses provide education to radiation therapy patients, it is very important that they should be well known about their patients characteristics including their cultural values and religious beliefs. D Haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation treatment (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation (p=0.02) and more satisfied (p=0.0001). Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety towards the radiation treatment and patients were satisfied more before the simulation procedure. D haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation procedure (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation, 2nd week and at the end of radiation treatment. Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety (p=0.002) and satisfaction (0.00001) towards the radiation treatment before the simulation procedure. Conclusion The review of literature enlightened the investigator to develop an insight into the radiation therapy anxiety, orientation program and its effects in the review of literature. Many studies were conducted to reduce the level of pre radiation therapy anxiety, particularly the education before radiation therapy have shown more significant results throughout the entire course of treatment. These reviews helped the investigator to gain a deeper knowledge of the research problem and guided in designing the study.

Themes of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure Revealed in Angelo’s Solilo

Themes of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure Revealed in Angelo’s Soliloquies Angelo’s soliloquies (2.2.161-186; 2.4.1-30) express themes of the tragicomic form, grace and nature, development of self-knowledge, justice and mercy, and creation and death as aspects of Angelo’s character. By the theme of the tragicomic form I mean that which â€Å"qualified extremes and promoted a balanced condition of mind [†¦] It employed a ‘mixed’ style, ‘mixed’ action, and ‘mixed’ characters—‘passing from side to side, it works amongst contraries, sweetly tempering their composition’.† (Guarini’s Compendio della Poesia Tragicomica (1601) cited in Lever lxi-lxii). I take Measure for Measure’s tragicomic form as its major theme, or perhaps meta-theme, because it reinforces the value of the via media, of moderation over zealotry. Angelo swings from one extreme to the other before, by the play’s conclusion, prompted by the orchestrations of the duke, he adopts a middle way. In Angelo’s first two soliloquies we see him transition from believing himself immune to earthly love (2.3.185-186) to believing he is ruled by his blood (2.4.15). This transition suggests a theme of development of self-knowledge. In the first soliloquy Angelo refers to himself as a saint (2.2.179) and speaks of physical love in a condemning tone (2.2.173). In the second soliloquy Angelo has adjusted his self-image (2.4.16) to be consistent with his experience, and he describes his experience of love without spending equal time condemning it. He realizes he took sinful pride in his severity (2.4.9-10), and now compares that quality with an idle plume in a cap—an aspect of appearance, not being. Development of self-knowledge does not show up clearly in other characters however... ...ing between them, was virtue. This signified a beneficent use of natural function which merited the gift of grace as a concomitant; correspondingly, it implied a ‘going forth’ of grace which might comprehend the conscientious payment of nature’s debt. [†¦] Throughout the main action, however, the properties of grace and nature are dissociated and juxtaposed. ‘Strict restraint’ and ‘immoderate use’, the distorted attitudes of convent and brothel, of precisian and libertine, are presented as jarring disparates inducing a process of psychic disruption. In the absence of virtue as a moderator, sexual function turns into the abuse of lechery [†¦] At the spiritual level, excessive zeal is corrupted to pride [†¦] Most alarming of all, there are the sudden slips from level to level, landslides of the soul which transform zealot into lecher and saint into sadist. (lxxii-lxxiii)

The Iliad of Homer Essay -- essays research papers

The Iliad is the quintessential epic. It is full with gods, goddesses, heroes, war, honor, glory, and the like. However, for just short while near the very conclusion Homer avoids all of those epic qualities. The banquet scene in Book XXIV is the most touching, the most â€Å"human† scene in the entire poem . In the midst of the dreadful gulf of war and anger there occurs an intimate moment between two men who ironically have much in common below the surface. Priam, old and fragile, makes his way to the camp of the enemy’s greatest warrior late at night. He bears what little treasures have not been exhausted by the ten-year conflict and plans to plead for the rightful return of his son’s body. This is his final heroic endeavor. And perhaps, because he has just lost someone so dear to him, he is willing to take the risk despite his fear. What is interesting is that when he does arrive at the camp of Achilles, his fear suddenly subsides and â€Å"the old man makes straight for the dwelling where Achilles beloved of Zeus was sitting.† A decisive moment has arrived for both men. When Priam enters, Achilles knows that he must accept his own death with open arms while Priam is forced to sit at the knees of Achilles and kiss the hands that have killed his beloved Hektor. Homer seems to stop the action for a moment to let us feel the intensity of this extraordinary encounter. Priam urges Achilles to think of his own father and then pity Priam in his outrageous position, a king "who must put my lips to the hands of the man who has killed my children." Achilles immediately accepts Priam’s appeal and the two weep for their sons, fathers, and friends. This sharing of common grief becomes a bridge back to human sympathy. In an amazing speech Achilles soothes Priam's sorrow by painting a picture of their common misfortune and the inevitable limits of mortality. He reminds Priam that â€Å"there is not anything to be gained from grief for his son.† â€Å"You will never bring him back,† he says, â€Å"sooner you must go through yet another sorrow.† Though Achilles has matured dramatically since the beginning of the Iliad the complexities of his character don't disappear instantly. Priam asks not to be seated so he can more quickly attend to the return of Hektor. Suddenly Achilles' anger flashes out. Though his insight and human compassion have developed greatly he is still obstinate an... ...an lot he portrays is grim, his actions show a human decency that somehow softens our sense of what it means to be human NOTE: Observe how the plot structure of the Iliad completes itself. In the first book, a father (Chryses) comes to Agamemnon to plead for the return of his child but is refused. In the last book, a father (Priam) also pleads to Achilles for the return of a child; this time pity is shown. Though this symmetry is surely there, Homer is an artist who permits complexities and contradictions. As you begin to sum up your feelings about the Iliad, test all the threads. The question is not simply is Achilles right or wrong, or are the Trojans or Argives the real heroes. Homer values both cultures. He sees meaning in the heroic code but he also sees its shortcomings. In that same way, he pictures the horrible sufferings of a world at war and yet shows us the human dignity that can shine through. In the beginning Apollo says that mortals maneuver through Destiny with "the heart of endurance." That is where the Iliad begins and ends. It is ironic that Achilles is young and strong and in his prime while Priam is way past his and yet Achilles is nearer to death.

American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century

American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century was a very important era in our country. Imperialism is the acquisition of control over the government and the economy of another nation; usually by conquest. The United States became an imperialistic world power in the late nineteenth century by gaining control over the Hawaiian Island and after the Spanish American War (1898), Guam, the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle & Stoff, 2008) This policy was adopted to keep up with the world powers like Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Compared to the European-style imperialism the possession by conquest American imperialism was said to be more pure because it was done without conquest; it was completed with exportation of products, ideas, and influence. As countries became dependant on industrialism they needed the foreign trade to bring in the capital. Companies within the country could purchase products but that only moved the capital from producer to purchaser within our own economy. Securing the interests of trade was not an easy task as there were five other world empires trying to complete the same goal. Americans preferred the more indirect approach to imperialism, free enterprise. It was a win-win approach for America, everyone stood to gain by the rapid and expanding social and economic networks that were going to be secured. Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that if the US was to be a great nation we needed to protect its interest in the foreign markets. He persuaded Congress to build a new Navy that consisted of large cruisers and battleships that were steam powered vessels made of steal. Congress agreed and the program to rebuild the Navy began in the 1880’s. The United States Navy was the third best in the world by 1900 and now had to means to become an imperial power and protect its vested interests. (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, & Stoff, 2008) The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867; the deal was negotiated by William H Seward the Secretary of State and an ardent expansionist who was committed to enhancing the nation’s trade and military standing. We established a presence in Samoa during the 1870’s and the importance of Hawaii was recognized in the early portion of the nineteenth century. By 1875 the US had complete control of Pearl Harbor. American Imperialism grew momentum during the Spanish-American War (1898). The war only lasted four months but it was a turning point for America as it resulted in the acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. (Gale Encyclopedia, 1999) In 1899 the Anti-Imperialist League was founded. The League was the largest lobbying organization through the nineteenth century; the purpose of this organization was to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines. Even though the League had popular members like Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, and Williams James they struggled with a consistent message. It was this inconsistency that hindered their efforts to win the support within the Republican Party. After the Treaty of Paris was approved by Congress the League’s strength declined. Many of the League activists were charged with treason, causing even more decline in the support of their political cause. The expansion into the Caribbean continued and in 1903 the United States instigated a Panama revolution. The United States immediately entered a treaty with Panama to build the Panama Canal. In 1904 President Roosevelt declared that the US reserved the right to intervene in the affairs of smaller western hemisphere nations should these smaller countries fails to meet their financial obligations to European creditors. This was the so-called â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary† to the Monroe Doctrine. Over the next several years this policy was applied in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua. Overall, American Imperialism could have been more successful. In the end the interventions came to be expensive and more often caused bitterness and resentment with the affected countries. Since trade with the Far East did not grow like expected business sought to expand their markets within the Western Hemisphere. This required a different approach, one of good will and not tension. With this the Age of Imperialism as we knew it was over. In 1933 the United States formally renounced intervention to the world at an international conference in Uruguay. However after the 1959 revolution in Cuba the United States formulated a new round of international intervention by the Central Intelligence Agency in Cuba, Honduras, Chile, Nicaragua and numerous other foreign countries. (Gale Encyclopedia, 1999)