Who Made the Mistake Free Essays

NAME: ZEENAT AMEEN MOHAMMED ID NO: 7401 COURSE NAME: CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION TOPIC: WHO MADE A SERIOUS MISTAKE? Instructor: DR. SHARON CASE STUDY: WHO MADE A SERIOUS MISTAKE? 3. 1IDENTIFYING THE FACTS OF THE CASE: The realities of the case are: * Jean safari was exploring a genuine mistake made by a Japanese laborer at the Japanese auxiliary of a US worldwide. We will compose a custom paper test on Who Made the Mistake or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now * A segment had been embedded topsy turvy, and the whole group has been pulled out of creation to be adjusted. * The expense of fixing is on the high side. * The chief asserted not to realize who was answerable for the harm. The gathering didn't reveal to him the particular lady included. * The entire gathering has acknowledged duty of the occasion. * The lady concerned attempted to leave work however her collaborators urge her back once more, the gatherings knows that she is new and they didn't support her enough or post for her or see that she was appropriately prepared. * The whole gathering chose to assume liability and apologize to jean. 3. 2 STATING THE PROBLEM The issue for this situation is that Jean needs to discover the guilty party who fixed the segment topsy turvy. 3. 3 SETTING THE OBJECTIVES The targets of this case are to discover the offender and for the guilty party to be rebuffed so as to dodge future notoriety of a similar occasion. 3. 4 IDENTIFYING THE AREAS OF CONSIDERATION IN THIS CASE The issue for this situation is that jean needs to know the offender with the end goal for her to rebuff the individual required to maintain a strategic distance from any comparable case later on, yet the plant chief sees this as not significant if the guilty party has understood her error, however then again, Jean Safari thinks its significant for her to discover the individual, and make a move against her. Jean Safari is a UNIVERSALIST and has faith in INDIVIDUALISM likewise meaning she is worried about the guidelines of the firm and the individual included ought to be rebuffed independently, yet the plant chief and the rest of the laborers are PARTICULARIST and they have confidence in COMMUNATALISM, they have faith in the relationship they have with each other and they fill in as a gathering which makes them COMMUNTALIST in nature. UNIVERSALIST: In Universalist culture, the principles apply similarly to the entire †universe† of individuals, paying little heed to connections General guidelines, codes, qualities and norms †What is acceptable and right can be characterized and consistently applied† In a Universal society, for example, the U. S. , rules and agreements are created which can apply in any circumstance. There is a conviction that what is acceptable or genuine can be found, characterized, and applied to each circumstance. In light of their Universalist methodology, in a business circumstance Americans will need to depend on an agreement to convey the provisions of an understanding and to characterize the connection between the gatherings. PARTICULARISM: Particularism depends on rationale of the heart and human fellowship. China is a particularistic culture where individuals take a gander at connections and conditions in a particular circumstance to choose what is correct. For the Chinese, the lawful agreement conveys a beginning stage for an understanding. As conditions change so too should the provisions of the understanding. For the Chinese, the circumstance and the specific people included are what characterize relationship. Independence: Individualism is a hypothesis keeping up the political and financial freedom of the individual and focusing on singular activity, activity, and interests additionally lead or practice guided by such a hypothesis. Independence places incredible incentive on confidence, on security, and on shared regard. Adversely, it grasps resistance to power and to all way of powers over the individual, particularly when practiced by the state. As a hypothesis of human instinct, independence holds that the interests of the typical grown-up are best served by permitting him most extreme opportunity and duty regarding picking his goals and the methods for getting them. COMMUNATALISM: Communitarianism is a philosophy that underscores the association between the individual and the network. That people group might be the nuclear family, yet it can likewise be comprehended in a far more extensive feeling of individual association, of land area, or of shared history. 3. 5 PROPOSING THREE ALTERNATIVE COURSE OF ACTIONS ST ALTERNATIVE: The principal option is use PUNISHMENT (SUSPENSION) provided that the guilty party is being suspended from work he would not be paid for those days that he wont be around on the grounds that it would be viewed as he isn't working for the principle time he would not associate with this would help in teaching of different laborers in the association and it would keep away from further errors and absence of fixation and new representatives would be observed completely and all the current specialists would support the new ones and get them on target to do the new position. nd ALTERNATIVE: The subsequent option could be CONSIDERATION, the offender could be thought of in order to permit the laborer with the impression he would not rehash a similar slip-up. The benefit of this is the specialist would be glad to work in the firm realizing that the firm considered him and this likewise would inspire him/her and different colleagues yet in addition thought may likewise have a negative impact, if the laborers realize that they are constantly viewed as when they commit an error each specialist would commit an error and would hope to be viewed as representatives will build up a feeling of insubordination in light of discipline as opposed to considering it to be a hindrance to a specific movement. rd ALTERNATIVE: The third option ought to be WARNING a guilty party could be genuinely cautioned not to endeavor doing such offense again and on the off chance that he rehashes it a genuine move would be made against him/her I along these lines the offenders and the other colleagues would be exceptionally cautious in their dealings in the firm, the inconvenience of this may be, a few laborers would not stick to the guidelines and guidelines of the fi rm realizing that the most elevated thing that can happen would be an admonition letter. 3. 6 CHOOSING AND RECOMMENDING THE BEST SOLUTION The best answer for this case is WARNING and SUSPENSION in such a case that the offender is cautioned she would not rehash such offense in future since it would be unmistakably expressed that if the offense is done again a genuine move would be made, if the guilty party is rebuffed this would make different laborers terrified and some may even leave the association which would be at the danger of the association as a rule, and furthermore if the specialist is suspended this would acquire a tremendous contrast the disposition of laborers in the association since they realize that a genuine move would be made against them consequently they would be progressively cautious when they are carrying out the responsibility. Book reference bukchin, m. (2012, october 25). http://www. by means of web. de/universalism-versus-particularism/. Recovered walk 22, 2013, from http://www. through web. de/universalism-versus-particularism/: http://www. by means of web. de/universalism-versus-particularism/media, d. (2012, september 5). http://www. meez. com/network. dm? furl=http%3A//discussions. meez. com/gatherings/genuine themes/6221608-independence versus communalism. html. Recovered walk 22, 2013, from http://www. meez. com/network. dm? furl=http%3A//discussions. meez. com/discussions/genuine themes/6221608-independence versus communalism. html: http://www. meez. com/network. dm? furl=http%3A//discussions. meez. om/discussions/genuine subjects/6221608-independence versus communalism. html mitchel, c. (2011, august 6). http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national-issues/feeling/independence versus-communalism/story-e6frgd0x-1226109346928. Recovered walk 22, 2013, from http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national- undertakings/conclusion/independence versus-communalism/story-e6frgd0x-1226109346928: http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national-issues/conclusion/independence versus-communalism/story-e6frgd0x-1226109346928 webstar, m. (2013, february 3). http://www. merriam-webster. com/word reference/particularism. Recovered walk 22, 2013, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/word reference/particularism: The most effective method to refer to Who Made the Mistake, Essay models

Photography Essay Example For Students

Photography Essay Photography is a method of delivering perpetual pictures on sharpened surfaces by methods for the photochemical activity of light or different types of brilliant vitality. In todays society, photography assumes significant jobs as a data medium, as an apparatus in science and innovation, and as a work of art, and it is likewise a mainstream interest. It is basic at each degree of business and industry, being utilized in promoting, documentation, photojournalism, and numerous different ways. Logical research, going from the investigation of space to the investigation of the universe of subatomic particles, depends intensely on photography as a device. In the nineteenth century, photography was the area of a couple of experts since it required enormous cameras and glass photographic plates. During the main many years of the twentieth century, nonetheless, with the presentation of move film and the case camera, it came surprisingly close to general society in general. Today the business offers novice and expert picture takers an enormous assortment of cameras and frill. See likewise Motion Picture. The Camera and Its AccessoriesModern cameras work on the essential rule of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, underneath). Light going through a small gap, or opening, into an in any case lightproof box throws a picture on a superficial level inverse the gap. The expansion of a focal point hones the picture, and film makes conceivable a fixed, reproducible picture. The camera is the system by which film can be uncovered in a controlled way. In spite of the fact that they vary in basic subtleties, present day cameras comprise of four fundamental segments: body, screen, stomach, and focal point. Situated in the body is a lightproof chamber wherein film is held and uncovered. Additionally in the body, situated inverse the film and behind the focal point, are the stomach and shade. The focal point, which is attached to the front of the body, is really a gathering of optical glass focal points. Housed in a metal ring or chamber, it permits the picture taker to concentrate a p icture on the film. The focal point might be fixed set up or set in a portable mount. Articles situated at different good ways from the camera can be brought into sharp concentration by altering the separation between the focal point and the film. The stomach, a round gap behind the focal point, works related to the shade to concede light into the lighttight chamber. This opening might be fixed, as in numerous novice cameras, or it might be movable. Customizable stomachs are made out of covering portions of metal or plastic that, when spread separated, structure an opening of a similar distance across as the focal point; when coincided together, they structure a little opening behind the focal point of the focal point. The gap openings compare to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the focal point. The screen, a spring-initiated mechanical gadget, shields light from entering the camera with the exception of during the interim of presentation. Most present day cameras have central plane or leaf shades. Some more seasoned beginner cameras utilize a drop-sharp edge screen, comprising of a pivoted piece that, when discharged, pulls over the stomach opening and uncovered the film for around 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shade, right now of presentation, a group of fit edges springs separated to reveal the full focal point gap and afterward springs shut. The central plane screen comprises of a dark shade with a variable-size cut over its width. When discharged, the shade moves rapidly over the film, uncovering it continuously as the cut moves. Most present day cameras likewise have a type of survey framework or viewfinder to empower the picture taker to see, through the perspective of the camera, the scene being shot. Single-focal point reflex cameras all fuse this structure highlight, and practically all broad use cameras have some type of centering framework just as a film-advance component. Camera DesignsCameras arrive in an assortment of arrangements and sizes. The primary cameras, pinhole cameras, had no focal point. The progression of light was controlled basically by obstructing the pinhole. The main camera when all is said in done utilize, the case camera, comprises of a wooden or plastic box with a straightforward focal point and a drop-sharp edge shade toward one side and a holder for move film at the other. The crate camera is furnished with a basic viewfinder that shows the degree of the image zone. A few models have, moreover, a couple of stomach gaps and a basic centering gadget. The view camera, utilized principally by experts, is the camera nearest in configuration to early cameras that is still in across the board use. Regardless of the interesting capacity of the view camera, notwithstanding, other camera types, in light of their more prominent adaptability, are all the more usually utilized by the two novices and experts. Boss among these are the single-focal point reflex (SLR), twin-focal point reflex (TLR), and rangefinder. Most SLR and rangefinder cameras utilize the 35-millimeter film design, while most TLR just as some SLR and rangefinder cameras utilize medium-position filmthat is, size 120 or 220. View CamerasView cameras are commonly bigger and heavier than medium-and little arrangement cameras and are regularly utilized for studio, scene, and design photography. These cameras utilize enormous configuration films that produce either negatives or transparencies with far more noteworthy detail and sharpness than littler organization film. View cameras have a metal or wood base with an outfitted track on which two metal principles ride, one in front and one in back, associated by a cries. The front standard contains the focal point and shade; the back holds an encircled ground-glass board, before which the film holder is embedded. The body design of the view camera, in contrast to that of most broadly useful cameras, is customizable. The front and back norms can be moved, tilted, raised, or swung, permitting the picture taker superb control of point of view and core interest. Rangefinder CamerasRangefinder cameras have a viewfinder through which the picture taker sees and casings the subject or scene. The viewfinder doesn't, be that as it may, show the scene through the perspective yet rather intently approximates what the focal point would record. This circumstance, wherein the perspective of the focal point doesn't coordinate that of the viewfinder, brings about what is known as parallax. At longer separations, the impacts of parallax are insignificant. At short separations, be that as it may, they become increasingly articulated, making it hard for the picture taker to outline a scene or subject with assurance. Reflex CamerasReflex cameras, both the SLR and the TLR types, are furnished with mirrors that reflect in the viewfinder the scene to be shot. The twin-focal point reflex is box-molded, with a viewfinder comprising of a level ground-glass screen situated at the highest point of the camera. Mounted vertically on the front board of the camera are two focal points, one for taking photos and the other for survey. The focal points are coupled, with the goal that centering one naturally centers the other. The picture shaped by the upper, or survey, focal point is reflected to the review screen by a fixed mirror mounted at a 45-degree edge. The picture taker centers the camera and alters the organization while taking a gander at the screen. The picture framed by the lower focal point is centered around the film at the rear of the camera. Like rangefinder cameras, TLRs are dependent upon parallax. In the SLR sort of reflex camera, a solitary focal point is utilized for both review the scene and snapping the picture. A pivoted reflect arranged between the focal point and the film mirrors the picture framed by the focal point through a five-sided crystal and onto a ground-glass screen on the camera. Right now the shade is opened, a spring naturally hauls the mirror out of the way among focal point and film. On account of the crystal, the picture recorded on the film is actually that which the camera focal point sees, with no parallax impacts. Most SLRs are accuracy instruments furnished with central plane screens. Many have programmed introduction control includes and worked in light meters. Most current SLRs have electronically activated shades. Openings, as well, might be electronically incited or they might be balanced physically. Progressively, camera makers produce SLRs with programmed centering, an advancement initially saved for novice cameras. Minoltas Maxxum arrangement, Canons EOS arrangement, and Nikons propelled proficient camera, the F-4, all have self-adjust ability and are totally electronic. Focal preparing units (CPUs) control the electronic capacities in these cameras (see Microprocessor). Minoltas Maxxum 7000i has programming cards that, when embedded in a space on the camera, extend the cameras capacities (see Computer). Self-adjust cameras use gadgets and a CPU to test naturally the separation among camera and subject and to decide the ideal presentation level. Most self-adjust cameras ricochet either an infrared light bar or ultrasonic (sonar) waves beside the point to decide separation and set the core interest. A few cameras, including Canons EOS and Nikons SLRs, utilize aloof self-adjust frameworks. Rather than discharging waves or pillars, these cameras consequently change the focal point of the focal point until sensors recognize the territory of most extreme complexity in a rectangular objective at the focal point of the centering screen. Plan ComparisonsOf the three most broadly utilized structures, the SLR is the most mainstream among the two experts and beginners. Its most noteworthy preferred position is that the picture seen through the viewfinder is for all intents and purposes indistinguishable with that on which the focal point is engaged. Moreover, the SLR is commonly simple and quick to work and accompanies a more prominent assortment of compatible focal points and embellishments than the other two camera types. Business morals EssayThe nature of PC created pictures was, as of not long ago, substandard compared to carefully photographic pictures. Most nonindustrial shading printers and laser printers can't yet deliver pictures with the tonal range, goals, and immersion of photos. A few frameworks, be that as it may, for example, Presentation Technologies Montage Slidewriter and the Linotronic framework, are able to do

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Research Paper

The Positive and Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Economy - Research Paper Example Families that have current patrons decidedly see trade guilds as effectsly affecting American economy than those with previous endorsers and the individuals who have never been patrons. Individuals in various pay levels see that associations effectsly affect members’ benefits, working conditions and compensation. Then again, the agency for insights for US says that family units in current associations likewise accept that associations have a positive effect in working environment and US economy. 48% of association family unit individuals consent to this, while 34% of the previous patrons restrict it. In the US, laborers who are individuals from associations get more advantages at the expense of the individuals who have no associations. Nonetheless, it has been found that associations are battling for the privileges of part laborers, and yet attempting to procure enormous packs of their own advantages. The most noticeably terrible issue is this diminishes the intensity of US organizations in worldwide markets and thus the economy (Thomas, John, and Valletta, 2004). The creators further express that the advantages of association laborers are gotten from dealing intensity of the association, imposing business model, and the substance of aggregate voice. It is unmistakably obvious that worker's guilds are for the most part bravo laborers rather than the seriousness of the economy. An exploration introduced by Bureau of Statistics for US in 2009 shows that the rating for worker's organizations is 45% and however at a low level, it is an outflow of a positive view. The rating for business partnerships is 47% which additionally demonstrates a great impression; drop is about a memorable low. The outflow of American perspective on work union’s impacts on wages and working conditions are blended. 53% of them accept that they decidedly influence association workers’ advantages and pay rates, while 17% contend that they have negative impacts. The table beneath shows the declining

Tips For Writing an Essay About Sociology

Tips For Writing an Essay About SociologyThere are a wide variety of sociology essay topics to choose from, from one that just serves as an introduction to the field of sociology, to a specialized topic which focuses on particular issues within the field. You will find that the important aspects that you need to remember when choosing the right essay topic include things like choosing something in the right context, writing a clear and concise essay, and the importance of following through with a schedule. While it may be difficult to choose the right sociology essay topic, there are a number of topics you can choose from. If you are planning to write an essay for college, here are some tips to help you choose the perfect essay topic.Different students may enjoy different types of topics. For example, some people may find that writing about topics like racism and discrimination are quite interesting, while others would prefer to focus on economic and social statistics. Whatever you c hoose, be sure to remember that this will be your opportunity to make a difference in the society around you.A tip to help you choose the right essay topic is to research the topic thoroughly. Researching the topic is a good way to keep up to date with current events in the society. You should also make sure that the topic you chose provides plenty of space for you to display your creativity. When researching, you will want to consider the role that a sociologist plays in the society, as well as the importance of the topic to those involved.Writing a sociology essay is not the same as writing a regular essay. Sociology essays tend to follow a different format, as they are focused more on understanding the issues and the sociology rather than writing a straightforward composition. This is because sociology is one of the most important and useful tools in the field of sociology. It provides you with ideas about the society and the ways in which the society has evolved over time.It is best to choose a topic that will give you enough room to talk about the real issues that will be faced by those involved. You do not have to worry about what you will write in the body of the essay, as you only have to focus on presenting the problems in the society. As such, you will want to be careful about the topics you choose and make sure that they match your major and area of expertise.Some topics may also allow you to explore a variety of topics and allow you to present diverse viewpoints. For example, you may be able to write about the causes of genocide, a very important issue in society. It will allow you to provide some thought-provoking and thoughtful information to those who read your topic.Sociologists are often asked to come up with topics for a variety of different types of essays. The most important aspect of the sociology essay is making sure that you come up with an interesting topic that helps you make a good first impression on the reader.

Politics is the Manner in Which Society is Organized

Politics is a complex theoretical representation of the manner in which society is organised. Politics,by definition,has many different meanings and branches. The most basic definition of politics as defined by David Easton is the â€Å"authoritative allocationof values†. The greatest assumption that politics makes is that a person can change the situation in which they find themself. Politics has a normative value that is there is a difference between the way things are and the ways things should be. In this essay the two mainbranches of politics,that is democracy and liberalism, will be discussed. These are not just political systems but they are also a set of rules and theories. Democracy is the branch of politics that has to do with the organisation of society through the collectively binding decision-making of the entire population. Liberalism on the other hand is a philosophy of politics that has to do with the freedom of control and interference from a governmental org anisation. The values of equality in liberalism and democracy are two very different but important ideals. Liberal equality is the process of equality where every person enjoys the same amount of non-interference from the government while democratic equality is equal input into collectively binding decisions. Democracy Democracy in its simplest form comes from the Greek words ‘demos and ‘kratos’: ‘demos’ which is taken to indicate the people and ‘kratos’ which means to rule. 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Self Actualization, Flow, Happiness And Choice - 1134 Words

Self-Actualization, Flow, Happiness†¦ and Choice â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.† This quote is attributed to the philosopher Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC) and leads one to ask: What exactly is happiness? It can be defined as a positive emotion, an experience of utter joy, satisfaction with one’s life and a sense of self-esteem and optimism. But there is also one more element that could be the most important: choice. Aristotle also said â€Å"Happiness depends upon ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that is just as relevant today as it was 2400 years ago. Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) was a pioneer in the field of positive psychology and rather than studying the pathology of mental health, he chose to look in depth at what was right about his subjects’ mental health. In an effort to identify and study people that he thought were exceptional, healthy human beings, in 1943, Maslow established his th eory: Hierarchy of Needs. 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Apple - an Ipod Imc Plan free essay sample

Apple An iPod IMC Plan The Apple iPod is huge. For the company to continue this success, I wrote an a sample IMC plan in late 2004 for my Direct Marketing class at West Virginia University. All content is  © 2004-05 Peter Graber. Executive Summary A major retailing story this holiday shopping season especially in consumer electronics is Apples iPod portable digital music player. News reports released yesterday by Reuters point to expectations that Apple will double sales of the previous quarter, possibly selling over 4 million units. The iPod might be the biggest holiday must have since the Cabbage Patch doll or the Rubiks Cube. Even at these levels, the player and its related consumables (music) account for over 25% of the companys revenue. To build on this momentum, the following integrated marketing communications plan seeks to educate creative consumers about the benefits, convenience and practicality of iPod use and ownership. The plan assumes that Apple will introduce a player at a lower price point than the current iPod mini, which should attract a new segment of users. For existing iPod owners approximately 10 million to date the plan also seeks to engage this segment further. Because a large percentage of the iPod user base has only recently purchased the player, significant opportunity exists in the areas of music downloads, accessories and related services. These all help Apples bottom line. Brand Background Apple Computer has long been known as the worlds most innovative personal computer company. Many of its products both past and present are credited with helping to shape how people use and interact with personal computers. Apple began in 1976 and was founded by current CEO Steven Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ron Wayne. After a successful start with the trailblazing Apple II in 1977, the company went on to introduce the Apple Macintosh in 1984, a product that featured a new and revolutionary operating system, along with a series of easy to understand metaphors like the trashcan, the note, and many others. This introduced mass-market consumers to the convenience and ease-of-use of a graphical user interface and changed the nature of personal computing. The whole personal computer industry would follow Apples lead. Unfortunately, many of Apples accomplishments in terms of product design and development have been overshadowed by the dominance of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Ironically, the personal computer revolution that Apple helped create largely bypassed the company. While the company was quickly embraced by the creative industries through its early focus on desktop publishing and media creation, business and home users predominantly chose the Microsoft platform because it was cheaper, more widely used, offered greater software selections and was easier to acquire. Apples worldwide operating system market share peaked in 1986 at 16%, but is currently estimated to be less than 3%. Aside from these issues, Apple continues to leverage its innovation skills to create new opportunities. A recent example of this has been the Apple iPod, a portable digital music player introduced by the company with tremendous success. To date, the iPod commands over 90% of the market for digital music players. Dovetailing with this success is Apples groundbreaking iTunes Music Store (ITMS) the first service to offer legally purchasable digital music downloads. Since its launch in April of last year, over 200 million songs have been purchased and downloaded through the service. These numbers are expected to increase along with greater numbers of iPod users. Because of the iPod and the iTunes service, Apple has witnessed a huge increase in the number of new users to its products and has created a strong channel to drive further revenue growth. Beyond revenue, however, these developments suggest that Apple can maintain relevance to consumers in new ways, ones not strictly centered on their core operating system software or its derivative hardware. Situation Analysis Apple serves all markets that use personal desktop computers and their related software and hardware. This includes schools, corporations, governments and general consumers. Increasingly, the company has begun to serve general consumers desiring access to products and services related to digital media delivery and consumption. Competitive Environment Apples Macintosh OS has the smallest worldwide user base of any commercial operating system, estimated to be only 2. 5%. The Microsoft Windows platform is dominant worldwide, estimated to run on between 93% 98% of all personal computers. Beyond Windows, Apple also competes with a relatively new option in operating systems. These include open-source derivatives of the Unix operating system, like Linux. Linux is expected to surpass Apple in terms of market share by the end of the decade. As a result of these factors, Apple is constantly faced with the challenge of maintaining viability in the OS market. A relatively new bright spot for Apple, however, is the portal digital music player (DMP) market. The DMP market features two classes of products: microdrive and solid-state players. Apples current iPod line dominates the microdrive segment, with some estimates being has high as over 92% market share within the US market. Apple does not yet provide a solid-state or flash memory-based player, but this is expected in early 2005. The flash market segment characterized by lower prices and less storage capacity makes up the largest portion of the current worldwide market for DMPs. Competition and the number of consumer choices are growing almost daily. Given the two segments of players, Apples current competitors in the microdrive class include Dell (Pocket DJ), Virgin (Electronics Player), Rio (Carbon), Creative (Zen Micro, Zen Touch), JetAudio (iAudio M3). Each alternative offers similar functionality, storage capacity and size/shape features as the iPod. Cost is a main differentiator among competitors, with all offering players at lower prices than the iPod. Here are some recent pricing samples of iPods competitors: The Apple iPod Mini $249. 00 Zen Micro $250. 00 Virgin Elec. Player $250. 00 Dell Pocket DJ $200. 00 Rio Carbon $210. 00 The larger portion of the DMP market is the solid-state or flash player market. Apple has yet to provide an iPod that utilizes this technology, but current predictions note that this is almost certain for early 2005. As such, a flash-based iPod will allow Apple to position itself at the lower end of the market and capture additional market share. Although it is currently estimated that Apple controls approximately 47% of the worldwide MP3 player market largely the realm of solid-state players this area could be strengthened with a focused product. While the iPod competitors all offer very similar features, a critical difference in relation to the iPod is the format of rights-managed digital media (DRM). This is important because it allows media (songs, imagery, etc) to be purchased and/or rented within some sort of model that captures revenue. The iPod utilizes a proprietary format (AAC) that is not supported in other music players. Additionally, the iPod doesnt support the popular Windows Media Audio (WMA) format, a format that supports new DRM features as Microsoft expands its media offerings to consumers. While most music currently ss non-rights-managed (MP3) a format all players support Apples rights management model could be a factor in the future, especially for their iTunes Music Store (ITMS). Apples ITMS goes hand-in-glove with the iPod and the companys digital hub concept. ITMS was launched in April 2003 and allows users of the iTunes software available for both Windows and Mac to purchase and download individual songs. To date, Apples ITMS has a market share of approximately 70% of all legal music downloads and has generated over $200M in sales for the company. Competitors in this area include existing audio/video service providers like Real and Microsoft. Much like the digital music player market, this is a rapidly expanding area. SWOT Analysis Taking into account Apples situation, the following strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T) have emerged. Strengths A · Innovative Design Heritage- Apple has long been known as a leading innovator of both hardware and software. Since its founding in the mid-seventies, the company has taken a leading role in defining cutting-edge personal computing. It all started with the graphical user interface and mouse. It continues today with the iPod. A · High Quality Software /Powerful Hardware Apple has relied on stringent quality specifications of its physical hardware (CPU, peripherals, etc) and its operating system is considered stable, reliable and easy-to-use. The current hardware lineup is geared towards high-need professional creatives. The iPod and iTunes products have confirmed this in both areas. A · Fashion-conscious Product Appeal Apple leads the way in industrial design and makes cool and fashion-conscious products. What started with the Macintosh 512K (circa 1984) continues today with its iPod. Form follows function. Many computer users seek this. A · Ease-of-Use- Starting with the Lisa/Lisa 2 (circa 1983) and the first commercial implementation of the graphical user interface, Apple has pioneered in engineering easy-to-use software. This concept is consistent through all products. Even today, in a new product category, the iPods navigation wheel has set the standard for portable music players. A · High Reliability- Among its current users, Apple products are known for a high degree of reliability and stability that enables users to be more efficient and productive. A · Loyal user base- Apple loyalists have been built over the last quarter century and remain rabidly committed to supporting the companys products, even in a Windows world. This critical for the company and they must maintain this base. Weaknesses A · Market share /Users- Apples current world OS market share is slowly eroding. They must continue to grow and/or maintain their user base or they risk losing relevance altogether. A · Compatibility with Windows Platform- This is misunderstood by consumers. More education needs to be done demonstrating that this is not an issue. The iPod can be a means to do this. A · Costs of Products- Apple products have always been more expensive than their PC counterparts. They must work to offer solutions at a greater number of price points. A · Concentrated Leadership and Vision- Apple has been very successful since Steve Jobs returned, but this has created too much concentration in creative leadership. Opportunities A · Increased Multimedia Demand by Consumers- The Apple iPod has helped create a category of consumer electronics that positions the company as a key enabler. This needs to be capitalized on. A · New/Expanded Distribution Channels Not making the same mistakes as in the eighties, Apple has vastly improved their distribution network in recent years. The iPod has allowed them to develop new channels A · MS Windows Dominance The ubiquity of the Windows platform has created problems for consumers that allow Apple to differentiate on. These include increased security, privacy, reliability and ease of use. Threats A · Microsoft Windows OS Microsofts products have improved over the years are becoming viable alternatives in creative industries. A · Open-source Software Linux and free OS software are continually making advances, and like Windows, are increasingly seen as viable alternatives. A · Company Leadership If Jobs was unavailable to lead the company especially given his health and his other leadership roles who could step in? Succession is an area of concern for Apple. Target Audience(s) The integrated marketing communications program outlined below attempts to grow Apples overall customer base and market share by raising awareness of the value-added benefits of Apples new products such as the iPod and iTunes and to entice users of these new products to support additional Apple brands. Accordingly, the target audience of the campaign will differ from the types of consumers Apple has targeted previously. The plan will seek to stress the practical value of the iPod in terms of extending the functionality of any computer system (regardless of operating system), makeup of the target audience needs to possess certain characteristics. The following is a description of consumers the campaign seeks to connect with. Consumer Profile Consumers to be targeted are individuals that live digitally savvy and fast-paced lifestyles. This group constantly seems on the go with family or friends, or through their professional pursuits. They are aged 18-45, are male and female, single or married, professional, well educated and all create in some way, shape or form. They are Americas Creative Class and they use technology as a way to achieve their goals and add more convenience to their lives. They are aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ doctors, lawyers, scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and computer programmers almost everyone, in short, who is paid to think for a living . Their work involves producing, applying, and distributing knowledge rather than things . Additionally this group works in the following creative segments, identified by John Howkins in The Creative Economy: How People Make Money from Ideas (2001): A · Advertising A · Architecture A · Art A · Crafts A · Design A · Fashion A · Filmed entertainment (including videos and DVDs) A · Music A · Performing arts A · Publishing A · Research and development A · Software A · Toys and games (excluding video, PC games) A · Video games A · TV and radio This group lives in areas that allow them to express themselves. Although all places exhibit these types of consumers, certain areas have greater degrees of concentration of them. These markets, highlighted in the next section, will receive a disproportionate share of spend relative to overall media and promotions. They live in places like: A · Washington, D. C. A · Raleigh-Durham, NC A · Boston, MA A · Austin, TX A · San Francisco, CA A · Minneapolis, MN A · New York, NY A · Seattle, WA In addition to these, target consumers can also be identified by the following characteristics: A · They are current MS Windows users A · Average Income : $35K+ A · Own a cell phone A · Have varied creative interests that include: A · Music A · Photography A · Video A · Sports A · Electronic gaming Supporting these, the target consumers also possess an identifiable set of psychographic characteristics. They are status-oriented, fashion-conscious achievers who like to experience life with as many modern conveniences that are within reach. This group relies on premium quality products to confirm their status and shape their image among their peers and themselves. And because they lead active, digitally enabled lifestyles, theyre free time brings them into contact with magazines and the Internet more so than other segments. This will become a factor in the media implementation. Marketing Objectives and Strategies The estimated number of iPod users in the US is currently10 million. This number is expected to grow in the coming years, as more consumers purchase digital music players (DPM) that fit their needs, budgets and lifestyles. The main objective of this plan is to continue to grow the iPod user base and seek ways to capture additional revenue from current iPod users in the form of ancillary products, services and software. The marketing objectives for the plan are specific, measurable and achievable as follows: A · Generate $850M in new iPod Sales A · Generate 500M in iTunes Music Store Downloads A · Generate $150M in Sales from existing iPod Users Generate $850M in iPod Sales At first glance, more than three-quarters of a billion in revenue for new iPod music players may seem significant. But when segmented across Apples entire iPod line, this is achievable. Its widely assumed that the company will be introducing a solid-state (flash) version of the iPod in the first quarter of 2005. This player will be priced significantly lower than existing iPods and allow lower market consumers to access the brand. This plan attempts to achieve a sales volume of 3 million flash-based units during Apples fiscal year 2005, which would generate approximately $510M in new iPod revenue. The remaining $340M would be delivered through existing iPod units, like the iPod Mini, the iPod Photo, the iPod Special Editions, as well as through co-branded traditional iPods like the current HP iPod. The micro-drive segments of the line will still appeal to higher-end consumers. Generate $500M in iTunes Music Downloads The iTunes Music Store (ITMS) has witnessed tremendous success and maintains a 70% market share within the downloadable, rights-managed music market. This plan assumes this share will increase slightly in Apple fiscal 2005, and that ITMS will exhibit strong sales performance as the iPod user base utilizes the service to fill up their iPods with music. The plans goal is to entice the established 10M iPod users to download 5-7 songs during 2005. To further support this goal, new iPod users acquired throughout the year estimated to be 4. 5 million will be enticed during the original point-of-sale process. Competing with this area however, will become increasingly difficult for the company as new services become available. For example, RealNetworks current efforts to undermine Apples Fairplay digital rights management with its Real Harmony technology could have compelling effects long-term. Generate $150M in Sales from Existing iPod Users This aspect of the plan is the most ambitious and relies on Apple encouraging a small percentage of current iPod owners to purchase existing iPod accessories or Macintosh computers and/or software. Commonly known as the halo effect, a majority of iPod owners today are Windows users who have been introduced to the Apple brand for the first time. The plan attempts to capitalize on this to generate revenue. Time Frames The time frame to achieve these objectives will be 12 months and will begin in January 2005. As the company introduces new players and services, they must also attempt to engage existing iPod and Mac loyalists. The most important aspect of the plans timing is to maintain momentum and buzz within the iPod line. This is a very difficult proposition, but one that Apple has tremendous amounts of experience doing. The help maintain momentum, it is assumed that major iPod announcements will be executed during the companys annual MacWorld Conference in early January. This includes the introduction of the new flash-based player. This will help maintain momentum for the first quarter, while additional events in Boston, Japan and Europe throughout the year can serve as additional venues for additional refinements, upgrades and launches. Throughout the year, the communications this program outlines will be pulsed to time with established Apple promotional events. Media Objectives and Strategies The media strategy and objectives for Apple work to define and communicate the concept of a comprehensive digital lifestyle and to reinforce the values they bring to creative consumers. A key factor in this plan is to use concentration in the media in order to obtain a high degree of message frequency in the target group. To do this, the plan will use many different types of media in a continuously scheduled format that will feature pulsing relative to Apples trade shows and conferences. With this in mind, the plan will attempt to achieve the following media objectives: A · An average reach of 50 within the target group for 12 months, increasing to 75 around pulsed time periods. A · Attain an average frequency 4 within the target group, 6 during pulsed periods. A · Educate consumers on the digital lifestyle concept and how Apple enables it. Reach Frequency To foster action by the greater number of consumers described previously, significant reach and frequency must be obtained. Because the underlying messaging in the campaign is somewhat sophisticated, consumers will need to be reached multiple times. The plans overall reach target is 50, with certain periods of the year exhibiting higher numbers. Essentially, the strategy is to maintain momentum that often accompanies Apples scheduled trade shows and conferences, such as Macworld and MacExpo. Although there are other trade shows the company participates in, these provide excellent venues to plan pulsing activities around. High spend allocations will follow each event and the plan will also attempt to leverage the publicity these events generate to attain a reach of 75. These activities will hopefully maintain momentum that these events generate. In terms of frequency, the campaign is attempting to convey a rather sophisticated statement, through the use of simple messages. Because of this, the plan will attempt to attain an average frequency of 4 with the target group. During pulsed periods where message frequency will increase, this number will increase to 6. It is expected that many target consumers will be exposed to greater numbers of messages given their lifestyle and habits, especially those that match the target definition. The plan hopes that these greater impressions wont exhibit wearout on the targets, but will work to reaffirm loyalty and help create advocacy buzz within this group. Enabling the Digital Lifestyle Creatives have come to acquire an extensive array of modern computer-based tools. They use digital technology to work, play and to enhance their lives. The media will attempt to encapsulate this usage and label it in the minds of consumers as the digital lifestyle. In this regard, Apple will be positioned as the premier enabler and the iPod as the critical link. A · Couple the iPod with existing computer uses within work, play and the creation process. A · Clarify interoperability with the Microsoft Windows platform. A · Create sense that Apple iPod is an entirely new platform that enables the digital lifestyle. Creative Brief Why are we advertising? To position the iPod as the key linchpin to a musically enhanced lifestyle for consumers. Who are we talking to? The current US Creative Class, ages 18-44, male and female living in key markets. These individuals What do they currently think? Creatives may view the iPod as only a digital music player, and not as a component that extends the practicality of their desktop computers. What would we like them to think? That the Apple iPod is clearly the premium choice because it offers more convenience, security, reliability, and ease-of-use. What is the single most persuasive idea we can convey? That an iPod can improve the enjoyment of a persons life. Everybody should have one. Why should the audience believe it? Proof will be provided through multiple, everyday uses. A common chord will be struck that will help connect the audience with the imagery and messaging. This will lead to credibility. What is the tone? Conversational in tone. Will not speak at the reader but will speak with them. Are their any creative guidelines? Yes. Must be consistent with established brand identity already established. Typography, product shots style must resemble current Apple implementations. Creative Strategy In order to tie the media objectives and strategy together with those of marketing, a campaign with a unified theme will be developed and launched. This theme will be carried through within all media the plan utilizes. The campaign will be headlined as Have The Music and will seek to present the benefits, conveniences and lifestyle improvements that come with owning and using an iPod and the iTunes music store. The strategy will entail raising awareness of the enjoyment benefits of Apple products specifically the iPod and iTunes while also highlighting the functional superiority and reliability versus competing alternatives. In a sense, the strategy is to communicate with a wide range of the segment to revive their interest in personal consumer electronics. Much of this segment grew up with products such as the Sony Walkman and have an affinity for gadgets. Currently, Apples creative work with regards to the iPod has focused on the Generation Y (18-26) portion of the segment at the expense of diferent life-stage groups. In order to adapt the messaging execution to a variety of use scenarios, Have The Music will incorporate a series of media showing iPod usage in a range of situations. This should help consumers across the whole segment to identify with the iPod and how it can fit in their lives. Examples will include situations where the iPod can improve the users life, such as exercising, shopping, traveling, work, and entertainment. The campaign will feature a series of custom taglines that will incorporate the campaigns title with the particular use context, such as Have The Music, Enjoy golf more, Have The Music and Impress Yourself. The goal is to connect music and the iPod with enjoyment, fun and personal status across a range of activities. Media Plan A key objective of this program will be to increase the overall market share of Apple products. To accomplish this, the companys iPod will be used as a gateway product to introduce consumers to the larger brand family. Budget Considerations Based on my research, Apple currently spends approximately $110-120 million advertising its PC computer products. Budget figures for the iPod were unavailable, however, this product line is enormously important to the company and represents the fastest growing area of revenue. As such, I will use $85M as the basis for the iPod budget. Taking this into account, the plan will consist of drawing 20% from each budgets total, for a sum of $40M. The breakdown of this figure will be: Television 40% ($18M) Print 35% ($14M) Direct Mail 10% ($6M) Internet Advertising 15% ($2M) Media Types and Selections The following media types and outlets will be used and were selected based on the target demographic creatives 18-45 living within eight selected US creative centers. These centers include Washington, D. C. , Raleigh-Durham, NC, Boston, MA, Austin, TX, San Francisco, CA, Minneapolis, MN, New York, NY, Seattle, WA. A · Television 15 second and 30 second spots within the following: National networks (NBC/CBS/ABC) Select Cable Channels and Networks: MTV and VH1 ESPN / ESPN CourtTV CNN Discovery Channel A · Print Three varieties of print media will be utilized. These include outlets with national coverage and strong vertical profiles: A · Magazine Ad Placements Full-page bleed advertisements will be placed in the following magazines: A · Rolling Stone A · Sports Illustrated A · Cosmopolitan A · People Magazine A · Time Magazine A · Maxim Magazine A · Billboards / Signage Heavy street level presence within urban areas. Emphasis placed also in airports and/or public transportation venues A · Standard indoor / outdoor billboards A · Non-traditional signage in bus shelters/railway stations A · Non-traditional signage placed in and around green spaces like park benches, golf courses, etc. A · Direct Mail A · A catalog featuring the Apple iPod and related accessories, digital music products, software and hardware products will be produced. A · Targeted to new and existing iPod owners and users exclusively. A · Coupon Incentive Program to current iPod owners for discounts on music down load (ITMS) and/or Apple hardware and software. A · Internet Advertising The World Wide Web will be used to compliment placements and efforts in other mediums. A · Banner Advertising on consumer entertainment sites A · Banner adverting on high-trafficked portals A · Banner Advertising on consumer music enthusiast sites A · Email Campaign targeting existing Apple iTunes Music Store users A · Complimentary banner ads on magazine and television channel / network sites A · In-store Promotions These will be carried out not only within Apples retail stores, but also through the companys growing consumer electronics distribution network. A · Point-of-Sale displays A · Floor displays, shippers, in-store banners. A · Public Relations This is an important part of the plan that will reinforce credibility to the campaign. Apple has historically been a closely watched company relative to product announcement and news related items. The company will seek coverage and mentions within all identified creative markets. A · Coverage in local newspapers A · Coverage in trade press/journals/magazines A · Coverage in national network media outlets Creative Tactics The following is a brief description of the creative tactics used in the plan. In short, tactics will focus on utilizing the Apple iPod as a metaphor for introducing more consumers to the Apple product line and to encourage sustained use of the iTunes Music Store. Key benefits of advanced Macintosh products, like their desktop PC lines and their portable computers will attempt to be connected with the benefits of the iPod. The tactics will also be tied closely to communicating the practicality of the iPod in various use situations and will work to entice new purchases of the iPod and iPod accessories like digital music or related hardware extenders. Print Media Tactics Generally, print advertising will stress image and lifestyle related benefits of the iPod and Apple. These types of placements will be short on copy and long on imagery. The iPod will be shown in a number of use situations, and in a variety of contexts. The goal will be to help the target market identify with the benefits the product provides, the iPods physical features and how using the iPod and iTunes add enjoyment to their lives and helps raise a users social standing. A · Full Page Advertisements High resolution, full-scale images of the iPod, along with simple and short copy. Television Tactics The television tactics will show iPod usage in scenarios similar to the print-based components, but will place greater emphasis on connecting Apple products with a digitally savvy, creative lifestyle. Alongside use situations, other Apple products will be drawn in like their portable computers and desktops to suggest interoperability and ease-of-use. Along with the use contexts, different socioeconomic environments will also be used. Multiple use situations, contexts, environments. Imagery of showing users easily using Mac products. Imagery suggesting ease-of-integration with Windows ; Mac products Internet Advertising Focus will be placed on fostering action and usage of the iTunes Music Store on the part of the user. Establishment on Download-of-the-Month Club Pricing discounts on exclusive digital box set. Promotions on Apple Flash I-Pod, Special Edition iPods, Co-Branded iPods Evaluation Techniques/Assessment The key goals of this plan are measurable, esp ecially in terms of sales targets and iTunes downloads. These include: A · Unit Sales of iPods generated by the campaign. A · iTunes Music Store sales for the campaign period. A · Web traffic, visits, and analytics of Apples web site A · Efficacy of digital lifestyle concept messages Quantifiable Measures Many of the goals of the plan are measurable, including most sales, revenue and service usage goals. Progress within these areas will be monitored on a monthly basis and adjustments made to program execution as needed. Of particular interest, however, is evaluating the efforts to promote further purchases of current iPod and iTunes users. Promotional efforts tied to this group will segregated in an effort to determine this groups response. Communicating with this group is critical to the long-term success of the iPod line and of iTunes. Concept and Copy Testing Since many of the portions of the media campaign will attempt to influence action on part of the target, both concept and copy testing will be done prior to implementation. These activities should help gauge if the messaging is applicable to the target, as well as if it is contemporary enough to be relevant. Because much of the campaign relies on drivers of popular culture, relevance or coolness factor needs to be determined. Timeliness in this area is important. Online Customer Survey To gauge the ongoing interest in Apple products and services, users of the iTunes Music Store will be encouraged to complete a series of short surveys on product usage and other factors. These surveys will be designed to be very brief and will be integrated into the iTunes e-commerce system. Consumers will be offered discounts or downloads for participation. While this method isnt evaluative of the plan itself, it will provide the company with relevant data to evaluate their efforts.

Introduction to Gst free essay sample

Introduction to GST A goods and services tax (GST) was introduced into Australia on 1 July 2000 * It is a tax levied at the rate of 10% on the supply (sale) of most services and goods * Business registered under the GST legislation collect the tax on behalf of the Australian tax office (ATO) and remit the amounts collected to the ATO at regular intervals * Business are allowed to offset and GST they pay on buying services and goods against the GST collected on supplies * Any business which is registered for GST typically has two accounts: * GST collection (GST payable in the GST legislation) for any GST received or receivable by the entity from its customers. This is what the company â€Å"owes† to the government. Therefore, it a liability * GST Outlays (GST credit in the GST legislation) for any GST paid or payable by the entity to its suppliers. This is what the entity can claim as a refund from the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Gst or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, is an asset all * All supplies of services and goods are subject to GST unless they are Non-taxable * There are two types of non taxable supplies * â€Å"GST-free† supplies are services and goods that would normally attract GST but are exempted under the legislation. (e. g. fresh food, educational courses, wages and salaries, capital contribution and withdrawals) * â€Å"Input taxed† supplies (e. g. bank fees, bank charges, a loan from a bank) Items| GST/No GST| Contribution of cash by the owner| No GST| Purchase of supplies on credit| GST| Payment of tuition fees| No GST| Payment of wages to employees| No GST| Sales of service on credit| GST| Cash paid to accounts payable| No GST| Purchase of services for cash| GST| Interest received from a bank| No GST| Cash received from accounts receivable | No GST| Accounting for GST * The GST legislation provides rules for allocating GST payable and GST credits to the relevant tax period * The tax period entities account for GST will depend on whether they account for GST on a cash basis or an accruals basis * Entities that issue or receive an invoice but do not account for the sale of purchase until the cash is received or paid are using a cash basis * Entities that account for the sale of purchase at the time of issue or receipt of an invoice are using the accruals basis Cash Basis * An entity is eligible to use a cash basis for GST if: The entity is a small business with an annual turnover or less than 2,000,000 * The entity accounts for income tax on a cash basis * Under the cash accounting system: * The GST collections are recorded at the time cash is received for supply of services and goods * GST outlays are recorded when cash is paid for services and goods Accruals basis * An entity can choose to account for GST on a non-cash basis even if it is eligible to account for GST on a cash basis * If it is not eligible to account for GST on a cash basis, it must account on a non-cash basis * Under the accruals accounting system: * GST collections and GST outlays are recorded when a tax invoice is issued/received or cash is received/paid, whichever event occurs first.

Industrial Revolution †History Essay

Industrial Revolution – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The industrial revolution was a time that brought both prosperity for some and alteration to others through invention, merchandising and social class. Before the industrial revolution, about ninety percent of the population worked on farms collecting raw materials and selling their goods. As the need for faster production arose, people such as James Watt spawned new ideas for inventions. These inventions turned into reality and began causing problems for the working class in a struggle of poverty. Life before the Industrial Revolution Before the industrial revolution, people generally worked on farms in rural areas. Most of the people lived on the countryside in small towns and villages while â€Å"only ten percent of the people lived in urban cities† (Connolly 8).Those who did not, worked as craft workers and blacksmiths making things such as: cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather goods, silverware, and weapons. The farmers would sell their agriculture for these goods and vice versa. The rural people of this time â€Å"made most of their own clothing, furniture, and tools from raw materials produced on the farms or in forests† (Pounds, N.J.G 48). Farmers farmed using an ox and plow, much different from how they farmed during the revolution. Merchants called entrepreneurs exchanged raw materials for the finished product. Because of the fact that most people farmed as a means of life, malnutrition was a common problem. As a result, diseases were easily spread, and epidemics were regular. Little money was often saved in a family, as there was far to many risks taken in attempts to invest in various businesses. Farmers and the poor had almost no influence, or political power what so ever. Elections were rarely held and as a result, decisions were often made by other political, or authoritative figures, and powers. However, as the industrial revolution developed, the poor (as a majority) began to have a voice as well. Growth of the Industrial Revolution The main reason for the industrial revolution’s beginning was because of the large amounts of coal and iron (two important resources at the time) being found all over Britain and England. Britain became a stronghold for many colonies, which brought markets for both raw materials and manufactured products. Industries began to boom and because of the constant need for more iron as a part of production, furnaces that smelted iron had to be kept extremely hot at all times; coal provided a long lasting and intense heat. Iron and coal became more common as a raw material used for various uses like foundations, tools, and machines. Coal and Iron also brought new ideas for inventions. They were used in the creation of machines such as the steam engine, cotton gin, weaving machines, water wheels, steamboat, and the steam horse, which was used as â€Å"an agricultural machine launched in Lincolnshire, England, in the mid-1800s. The machine was an early form of the tractorà ¢â‚¬  (Pounds, N.J.G. 36). The cost to manufacture increased and so people sought out new ways to produce product faster as a means to produce more profit. After the use of such power sources as water wheels, and forms of transportation as, horse buggies, people demanded a faster and more convenient ways to travel. However, water wheels were not a sufficient means of portable power, and did not supply enough power to move larger objects. â€Å"Industries needed a cheap way to improve on means of transportation, for both marketing and travel purposes† (EH.net Online Encyclopedia). The result was the steam engine, which was a cheap, efficient, invention. A man named Thomas Savery created the first steam engine in 1698. In the 1720’s a man named Thomas Newcomen created and improved the engine, although his development caused the engine to have serious problems, mainly being wasteful of heat, using far too much fuel in doing so. However, it was James Watt in 1768 that began to build a superior engine. Watt knew were many problems occurred in previous engines. He realized that the main problem occurred in the cylinders because much of the heat created by burning coal or oil was lost in the condensing process. Watt discovered the idea to separate the cylinder (which burned the fuel source), and condenser (which condensed the energy into steam). His idea was called the â€Å"double-action principle† (Teachers First). By doing this, instead of wasting the heat in the cylinder during the condensing process, the condensation process took place away from the heat source allowing the cylinder to be turned off or unused when unneeded. Watt’s idea was a huge success and became the most advanced engine later used by the majority of companies and travelers. Life During the Industrial Revolution The working class had close relationships with their employers under the domestic system during the industrial revolution. The domestic system was a manufacturing system in which workers made products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs. Such relationships were hard to come by in large factories because most employers hired mass numbers of people. Industrialists and the domestic system both had about twelve to fourteen hours of work per day six days a week. Differences were that industrialists worked in factories with machines that played a huge role during the revolution and forced the workers to work more efficiently without breaks. Industrialists kept wages low on purpose and as a result many people went on strike or rioted. Riots consisted of both unemployed and the employed and both the employer and employees were affected during the events. Workers involved in these events had to deal with police, loss of income, and were seen as criminals by the middle and upper class. â€Å"The strikes often led to violent and bloody clashes between police or military and workers† (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). The unemployed wanted revenge on their employers who they believed deprived them of their jobs. The employed protested their low wages and their horrible working conditions. Because of these riots, laws were passed that the destruction of some machines could result in death but these were ignored and riots still continued. â€Å"In 1842, a General Strike involving cotton workers and colliers and organised through the Chartist movement stopped production across Great Britain† (Wikipedia Online Enc yclopedia). Both women and children worked during the industrial revolution but were unskilled laborers and made only a small portion of what the average working man made. Children of the working class who worked were usually less than ten years of age and ended up being crippled or deformed from the unsafe machines such as the steam engine, weaving machines, and the steam horse. These children worked in coalmines, mills, factories and brick works, and chimney sweeps. Most, if not all of the working class, were desperately poor and could not read or write. Harsh overcrowding occurred and resulted in unsanitary conditions, which led to disease. Before the 1800’s workers weren’t permitted to vote and could do very minimal legally to improve their position. During the 1800’s, working and living conditions improved drastically. Parliament began to care for the middle and working class and repealed the law forbidding unions and passed laws to improve working conditions. A â€Å"reform act was passed in 1832† also known as the â€Å"parliamentary reform act†, allowed the middle class man to vote, and in â€Å"1867† another was passed known as the â€Å"Representation of the People Act† to allow the city workers and owners of small farms the privilege to vote (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Conclusion The beginning of the revolution brought prosperity to the middle and upper class citizens. New inventions like the cotton gin, steam engine; steam horse, and the weaving machines were created by those of the working class such as James Watt and Eli Whitney and were sold to those who had money. The middle class consisted of professional and business people who gained political and educational benefits as the class itself grew in size. The development between classes began as the middle and upper class started to have a better lifestyle. They had a better chance of surviving than the working class because they had more sanitary housing, and better diets. During the industrial revolution â€Å"one invention led to another, so that there were lots of important changes in a short period of time. These inventions didnt make things a little different, they made them a lot different† (Teachers First). Research Papers on Industrial Revolution - History EssayQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Anthropology in the World Today Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology in the World Today - Research Paper Example This subject is not only restricted to understand these aspects but it also assists in major aspects of human life which include politics, business as well as social lives(Cultural Anthropology and Sociology). The use of cultural anthropology as a measure of assistance for governments dates from the period of the Second World War when Ruth Benedict, who was a renowned anthropology professor was employed by the government of the United States to enlighten them with the cultural perspectives of their main opponents that is Japan and Germany. This was meant to be of help not only for winning the war but also as a measure of help for rehabilitation of these states after their fall. This focus was mainly towards Japan and the cultural studies helped in the understanding of the beliefs and working of the Japanese society (Ferraro 2006). The role that cultural anthropology in today’s world can be understood clearly in the words of Elizabeth Tunstall when she states, â€Å"Contemporary anthropology is no longer primarily concerned with exotic peoples and dinosaurs. Anthropology is engaged with issues of the global flows of people and goods, human rights and social justice, global feminism, [design], technology adoption, the social effects of the environmental degradation, and local sustainability practices.† Anthropology in today’s world works towards connecting people. It assists the companies to satisfy their customers via understanding their needs which are known to them through anthropology. It also works towards explaining the stand of the society on issues like the rights of human beings and the role of women in society. This assists in molding decisions according to the particular society. Anthropology is also beneficial for the politicians and the government. It provides a clear picture o f the beliefs and the working of the society and

Reviewing of articles Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reviewing of articles - Literature review Example Adoption of new or modified accounting control can have meaningful changes on organizational strategies and the general perception of organizational purpose (Ahrens, T. & Mollona, M. 2007, 306). Addressing the cultural dimension of organizational control technologies is key just like the practices that engage technologies. The study of control as a cultural practice lies in exploring relationships between the diverse aspects of organizing. This includes work processes and their technologies, organizational members’ values, beliefs and social relationships. The cultural analysis aims at clarifying the sources of ambitions of the organizational members and how they are shared in competition with each other. It also evaluate their contributions in making the practices unfit or subjective to technical discussions and struggles over organizational purpose (Ahrens, T. & Mollona, M. 2007, 312). Comparative account of organizational subcultures, based on detailed observations of activities and how they consist of specific practices helps to shed more light. It involves the adoption of anthropological approaches to the study of organizational control. This entails the study of how management strategies and production strategies affect the control practices of different organizational subcultures. It also digs deep into determining how the social relations between organizational members and their social backgrounds can give rise to different cultural practices of control. Adoption of the anthropological method in the study of culture is a useful tool for producing longitudinal observations of everyday operations through which the study of accounting and control is studied. This mode of studying the everyday functioning of accounting is a key tool in providing detailed insights into the ways in which accounting makes possible and becomes part of specific forms of organization.

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Example for Free

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Mein Kampf is a book of two volumes authored by Adolf Hitler. The first volume was written whilst dictated to Rudolph Hess and Emile Maurice in Landsberg prison where Hitler was sentenced to following the failure of an attempted coup d’etat of the Bavarian government in 1924. Mein Kampf is significant amongst historiography as it is thought to be an insight into the mind of Adolf Hitler. This book is not only autobiographical but full of memoires and political ideologies, which have subsequently sparked debate as to whether this piece of primary historical evidence can be regarded as the blue-print for Hitler’s future ambitions. An intentionalist view by Historians’ such as Lucy Dawidowicz, argues that the Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long term plan, whereas the functionalist perspective by Historians’ such as Christopher Browning is of the result of a competing agents within the Reich to answer the Jewish question. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf: Nation and Race, shows to comprehend with the intentionalist interpretation that this did indeed set the foundation for Holocaust as a propaganda medium. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf is a race rhetoric that advocates social-Darwinism in favour of the German Aryan race and even justifies war with the ‘racially lower’. This chapter refers to natural selection within humanity as the will of nature and of God. The word ‘Nature’ is emphasised being mentioned 20 times within the passage purveying it as a natural process. The mixing of genes with ‘lesser’ races are referred to as a sin against God, in which context Jews are included. Language used in this passage has been described as using metaphors to enforce racial prejudice, although evident is how the use of language has not only been used for easily digestible comparisons, but also as graphic and horrifying, such as ‘blood poisoning’ when describing breeding with a ‘weaker race’. Also described are the consequences of the integration of races and given examples of how this would be catastrophic for humanity. In regards to the book as a whole, anti-Semitism is consistent throughout Mein Kampf and is evident of Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish people, with quotes of ‘real’ Germans surviving in the war if a great number of Jews had been killed with poison gas. Mein Kampf was written at a time when Hitler was banned from public speaking. This indicates that the production of Mein Kamp as composed as a method in which Hitler could communicate with the public legitimately. Volume 2 of Mein Kamp is also said to be written in plain spoken language. This indicates it was written for all people to be able read, proving it as a propaganda tool. After Hitler’s Chancellorship in January 1933 Mein Kampf was eventually introduced into schools, placed on trains and presented to every bridal couple. The mass circulation of this book again proves only t o show it as a propaganda medium. Anti-Semitism was not unique to Mein Kampf and was a keen topic of Hitler’s in many political statements given in meetings. Hitler exclaims in September 1919 that the Jewish people are a race and not a religious community, and how this race are corrupt and disliked by a large section of ‘our people’ through emotion. A year later he states that a German citizen can only be one of German blood. As head of the Nazi party Hitler placed Joseph Goebbels as the head of Nazi propaganda, who wrote in the anti-Semitic newspaper ‘Der Angriff’ from 1926. In here is written how Jews’ are destroying the German community and how they must be removed from the community or they will ever corrupt it. Hitler’s ‘last will and testament’ written hours before his suicide tells of a hatred for Jews and also blaming the Jews for the war. These sources prove that Mein Kampf was not just a unique rant of anti-Semitism, Hitler believed in this hatred of the Jews’ evident here as early as 1919, days after his first attendance at a DAP meeting. This reinforces Mein Kampf as weapon of anti-Semitic propaganda at a time when Hitler could not address the public in person. Another element that points to this being a blue-print for the Holocaust was that Hitler wrote (or dictated) Mein Kampf with the intention of becoming a fascist style leader, but not only a leader, the chosen one and almost messiah-like. The failed Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich was directly influenced by the success of Benito Mussolini’s March on Rome which had immediately led to his appointment of Prime Minister of Italy; proving Hitler’s ambitions before he authored Mein Kampf. This shows Hitler always had the ambition of become a fascist style leader in Germany who would have had the power, with support from the nation, via propaganda, to eliminate the Jews from Germany. Although the ‘chosen one’ notion comes into play when in Mein Kampf it states that â€Å"Fate will someday gift the nation with a man endowed with the purpose of leading the nation out of a great depression and elimination of a bitter distress†. The elimination of a itter distress can only be regarded to ‘the Jewish problem’ as anti-Semitism is a recurring theme in the book, but Fate sending this man who is made for the job sounds messiah-like, which with Hitler’s proven ambition to become this leader would mean that if this propaganda was effective, he would become the ‘chosen leader’ and his book of propaganda regarding anti-Semitism and social-Darwinism would almost become a gospel. Joseph Goebbels exclaimed in 1941 that one of his notable achievements in propaganda was giving the nation complete confidence in Hitler by giving him a metaphoric halo of infallibility. An edition of Der Angriff from 1935 entitled Der Fuhrer’ by Joseph Goebbels states of how the Fuhrer is divine as â€Å"all of his actions stand under the power of a higher power† and Fate has provided the German people with Adolf Hitler. Again here it is evident of Adolf Hitler being propagandised as divine, and a divine leader would command the subordination of his subjects who would in return strive to please him. Mein Kamp is an intentional method of propaganda to be used at a time when Adolph Hitler was unable to communicate verbally with a gathering of people. Mein Kampf advocated Anti-Semitism, and Chapter 11: Nation and Race with a dramatic use of language strongly advocates social-Darwinism and justifies a war with the ‘lower races’ of peoples. Hitler always had, before and after Mein Kamp, an ambition to become a fascist style leader in which he had total control, which was propagandised during the construction of Mein Kampf as being appointed by higher powers and made out as messiah-like. This reinforces the intentionalist view of the Holocaust to be a result of Hitler’s long term plan. Historian’s in future research may want to consider the ‘divine leader’ messages propagandised by Hitler, in regards to the intentionalist/functionalist argument. This analysis of Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf has evaluated the context of the chapter within the book, the message within as well as examined the language used. The significance of the document as well as the purpose of it has been considered, as well as having reinforced a current historiographical debate.

Essay --

Located in central Java in present day Indonesia, The Great Stupa of Borobudur is the world’s largest Buddhist monument. It was constructed sometime around AD 800 as a way of displaying visual teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. The Great Stupa of Borobudur is essentially a symbolic form of both a stupa, a sacred mound of earth with holy relics of the Buddha buried beneath, and a mandala, a mystic Buddhist symbol of the universe. Or as Catherine Albanese describes it â€Å"†¦the mandala meant a circle which signifies the wholeness of the self.† The architectural design of this stupa was different from anything that had come before it and every part of it had some significance in the world of Buddhism. The overall structure of Borobudur is made up of a square foundation along with a total of nine platforms. Of those nine platforms six of them are squared while the remaining three are circular. The structure can be further divided into three main levels: a base, a body, and the top. Each of these levels symbolize the three realms of Buddhist cosmology. The base symbolizes the realm of Kamadhatu; the six squared platforms symbolize the realm of Rupadhatu; and the three circular platforms at the top symbolize the realm of Arupadhatu. The realm of Kamadhatu is also known as the world of desires and it is the lowest level of the three realms. This is where ordinary sentient individuals live out their lives with desires and suffering. The next realm, the realm of Rupadhatu is known as the world of forms and it is the second level of the three realms. This realm is accessed by those who have gotten rid of their desires through meditation, but still have a name and form. It is said that you have to advance up through multiple stages in thi... ...design of Borobudur and the ritual that it entails. The reliefs located on the base and body were there in order to teach initiates the sacred texts as the ascended the mountain in Pradakshina. The elliptical and circular terraces represented the summit of Mt Meru and the central stupa located in the center represented the center of the universe. Through this ritual the state of Nirvana is attained through gradual processes and transitions, not drastic jumps. The architecture of Borobudur would also signify a gradual process as it starts off square in the lower terraces, transitions to elliptical with the first two upper terraces and finally becomes circular in the third upper terrace. People may only speculate as to what things may mean or represent, but one thing for certain is that The Great Stupa of Borobudur was designed and built the way it was for a reason.

Absurdity in Camus’s The Plague

Albert Camus tried to make sense of plague's challenge to the human spirit in this novel set in North Africa. It is a chronicle of human suffering. â€Å"But what does that mean – ‘plague'? Just life, no more than that.† (Camus, Gilbert 1948 : 307).The old asthmatic, who spends his days transferring peas from one pan to another, summarizes the overarching theme of Camus's narrative: life and death, in a world that does not seem to care for us. The Plague is a powerful literary work, despite its many logical and other shortcomings, which we will be looking into. Camus is obviously trying to stimulate the reader to think about the problems of life and ways to confront life in a seemingly absurd and cruel world — although how far he succeeds in this attempt is doubtful.Over the course of a few days in sometime in the 1940s, in the Algerian city of Oran, thousands of rats emerge into the streets in dying conditions. At this point begins the outbreak. Absurdity creeps into Camus’s story in more ways than one. Dying rats and the spread of bubonic plague is not an unprecedented phenomenon in human history. In the mid 14th century, the devastating black plague exterminated nearly one third of the population of Europe. Spanning three years, it was a disaster of colossal proportions.A major episode of Bubonic plague occurred in ancient Greece, as well as in the late Roman period, killing people in hundreds of thousands. The narrator of the story himself acknowledges the fact of a ten thousand people dying every single day in Constantinople. Therefore, on the first sign of rats dying en masse, all the nations and international authorities would be alerted, not just the city officials. But that does not strangely happen in Camus’s account. No action is taken at all for a long time, though much hullabaloo goes on.The Plague recounts a specific (albeit fictional) epidemic taking place in a particular location at a particular time, alt hough the year is not clearly specified. Therefore historical and practical questions are important in making sense of the story.Camus’s novel was published in 1947, in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. It is reasonable therefore to assume that the Oran episode might have occurred towards the end of the war or in the first years of peace. Towards the end of the First World War, a massive outbreak of Influenza pandemic killed an estimated 40 million people worldwide.No one would even remotely want such a disaster to happen all over again at the end of the Second World War, and therefore no one would have taken the matter lightly. The moment the news is in the media, it would have sent shivers across the national capitals all over the world. By no stretch of imagination, Bubonic plague can be considered a local issue.One cannot possibly conceive any city authorities to be complacent over such a grave matter, thereby delaying action and letting the infection take hold in the populace. Leave alone the local authorities, national and international authorities would immediately jump into the scene taking all possible action to contain the burgeoning plague. That a plague is on its way is clear as day from the first deaths of rats to anyone who is least educated, however the city officials go on merely debating, discussing and hesitating.In 1994, a case of pneumonic plague, a deadlier air-borne version of bubonic plague, broke out in the Northwestern India. The word plague was in the air, and hundreds of thousands of people immediately started evacuating their houses, even before the authorities could rush into action. In the end, few people died of the actual infection, more people must have perished in the stampedes to catch trains and buses.In Camus’s novel that seeks to question the very meaning of human life and existence, however, no such commonsensical, logical measures are taken.Common people behave meaninglessly, authorities beha ve absurdly, international authorities do not even figure in – all this in spite of the narrator, Bernard Rieux, being a doctor himself. Even when the doctor starts worrying, he worries about his own city, not the continent and the world, as if plague knows any city limits. Region-specific infectious diseases such as Ebola infections which break out in West African countries from time to time are called endemics, not epidemics.According to the novel, one is given to understand that Bernard Rieux is preoccupied with his wife’s impending trip to a sanitarium and is therefore at first not alarmed by the rats dying on the streets with blood spurting from their muzzles.Doctors are always preoccupied with something or other, yet any doctor spotting a number of rats dying in such a ghastly manner would have issued red alert instantaneously. Rats dying by coughing up blood are strangely viewed by every one concerned as a sanitation issue! This is a preposterous way of telling a story.